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  3. Early anthropologists, following the theory that words determine thought, believed that language and its structure were entirel

Early anthropologists, following the theory that words determine thought, believed that language and its structure were entirel

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问题     Early anthropologists, following the theory that words determine
thought, believed that language and its structure were entirely dependent
on the cultural context which they existed. This was a logical extension【S1】________
of whatever is termed the Standard Social Science Model, which views【S2】________
the human mind as an indefinite malleable structure capable of absorbing【S3】________
any sort of culture without constraints from genetic or neurological
factors.
    In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the
1950s, given color samples to different American Indian tribes and【S4】________
asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the
spectrum we see it as "green" "yellow" , etc. was an entirely arbitrary【S5】________
division, and each culture divided the spectrum separately. According to
that hypothesis, the divisions seen between colors are a consequence of【S6】________
the language we learn, and do not correspond by divisions in the natural【S7】________
world. A similar hypothesis is upheld in the extremely popular meme of
Eskimo words for snow—common stories vary from fifty to downwards【S8】________
of two hundred.
    Extreme cultural relativism of this type has now been clearly
refuted. Eskimos use at most twelve different words for snow, which is
not much more than English speakers and should be expected since they【S9】________
exist in a cold climate.  The color-relativity hypothesis have now been【S10】________
completely debunked by more careful, thorough, and systematic studies
which show a remarkable similarity between the ways in which different
cultures divide the spectrum.
【S8】
选项
答案downwards—upwards
解析 语义混淆。此处意为“从50到200”。downwards意为“向下，往下”，表示数目或范围从大到小，与句意不符。upwards意为“向上”，符合句意，故将downwards改为upwards。
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