首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【B1】
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【B1】
admin
2014-08-13
23
问题
Different Types of Learning
I. The definition of learning
A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events
B.【B1】______ of subject’s changing behavior【B1】______
C. A process of recognizing how action changes environment
II. Two basic stages of learning
A.【B2】______: gradual process with trial and error【B2】______
B. Maintenance: acting on the new information【B3】______【B3】______
HI. Four types of learning
A. Instrumental or operant learning
— The common one in dog training
— Behavior produces event
which can be a(n)【B4】______ or negative experience【B4】______
— Dogs repeat the behavior when rewarded by the experience
— Humans get burned when touching a hot stove
— Events/consequences change the behavior
B. Classical/respondent【B5】______【B5】______
— Learning that things go together
— Dogs begin【B6】______ when hearing the bell rings【B6】______
— The first form of learning is demonstrated experimentally
— For humans, it’s likely to rain when it’s cloudy
C.【B7】______ learning【B7】______
— Also called single event learning
— Events are【B8】______【B8】______
— Dogs won’t perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noise
— People get【B9】______ to noises【B9】______
D. Social learning
— As a result of being in social groups
— Chimpanzees learning how to【B10】______ by watching【B10】______
— People learn from others
— Frequently occurs in a situation of social hierarchy or being dynamic
【B1】
Different Types of Learning
Good morning, everybody. Today, I’m going to talk about learning.
Let’s start with the definition of learning. Then what is learning? We define learning as a process where a living being experiences certain relationships between events and is able to recognize an association between events, and as a consequence the subject’s behavior changes because of that experience. Or, more simply, learning is the process of recognizing how a living being’s actions change its environment, other beings’ actions, etc. All living things can learn, even goldfish!
There are two basic stages of learning: acquisition and maintenance. When an individual is first learning something, this is called the acquisition stage. This stage of learning is not all or none; rather, it is usually gradual. You may have heard someone use the phrase ’trial and error.’ Once armed with new information, an individual will act on the new information when it is appropriate. This is known as the maintenance stage. Learning begins to plateau during the maintenance stage.
Learning is done in four types: Instrumental learning, which is more commonly known as operant conditioning, classical conditioning, non-associative learning, and social learning.
Operant conditioning is a form that may be very familiar to you if you have ever trained a dog. The majority of learning is some form of operant conditioning. The simplest way to explain this type of learning is that behavior produces events. An event can be a rewarding experience or a negative experience. As a result of such events the behavior changes. A dog learns that his behavior has consequences and that he can control what happens to him by behaving in certain ways, or refraining from behaving in those ways. If your dog raids the garbage, he is rewarded by this experience by getting tidbits of food, and is more likely to repeat the behavior. Human beings are also products of this learning. We learn from a young age that if we touch a hot stove, we’ll get burned. If we put on a raincoat, we’ll stay dry. This form of learning is characterized by Thorndike’s Law of Effect. The law states that if the consequence is pleasant the preceding behavior becomes more frequent, whereas if the consequence is unpleasant, the behavior will diminish and in some cases become extinct.
Classical conditioning is another form of learning that is increasing in popularity. This type of learning results from learning that certain things go together. This learning was demonstrated by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. In an investigative experiment, Pavlov was able to demonstrate in dogs that salivation could be started by non-food stimuli such as bells, buzzers, and tones. In his experiments, he was able to show that dogs will salivate when they anticipate food. Thus he created an unrelated stimulus, such as a bell, moments before giving the dog food. Soon the dogs learned that when the bell rings, food is on its way, and thus they began salivating. Humans also learn through classical conditioning. For example, we know that if it is cloudy, that rain is a possibility. Or when something is burning on the stove, the fire alarm may go off. This type of learning is called classical conditioning because it was the first form of learning demonstrated experimentally. It is also sometimes called respondent conditioning, because the first step in changing a behavior due to this type of learning, require involuntary or reflexive behaviors.
Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning. It is also called single event learning. This type of learning involves learning that some events are unrelated and irrelevant. For example, if a dog hears a noise, he may respond by perking up his ears. This response is called an orienting response. If the noise is something which has no relevance to the dog, the dog will not respond when it hears this noise; however, the dog must first learn which noises are or are not relevant. This is known as habituation. One example of this might happen when you move to a house that is on a busy street. The first night you may have trouble sleeping due to your increased awareness of the sounds. Over the next few days you will become habituated to these noises, and soon you won’t even notice they are there. Non-associative learning is learning that there are not always significant associations between events.
Social learning is a form of learning that occurs as a result of being in social groups. In most animals, this type of learning is only responsible for a small amount of behavior change. This type of learning is most prevalent in animal forms similar to humans. Chimpanzees do a great deal of social learning amongst their social group. Chimps will learn how to use tools by watching older members of the group manipulating those same tools. Humans are also extremely adept at social learning. We learn from others how things are done. Social learning occurs most frequently in a situation where there is some sort of social hierarchy or dynamic.
To sum up briefly, today we’ve discussed the definition of learning, the two stages involved in the process of learning and the four types of learning. So now you must have a clear idea of what learning is. I hope you’ve enjoyed this lecture.
选项
答案
consequence//result
解析
讲座的主题是“learning(学习)”,讲座人认为learning是a process where a living being experiences…,a consequence the subject’s behavior changes…,可知答案为consequence。表示定义的词句是重点,特别是涉及讲话人观点或关键概念的定义,做笔记时要对其重视。此题也可填入consequence的同义词result。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/uEdO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Whataretheimportantthingsinyourlife?Peoplehavedifferentideasaboutthisquestion.Youareaskedtowriteanarticleo
Infirstlanguageacquisition,imitationplays______.
Differentpeoplehavedifferentcharactertraits.Eachofusisunique.Areouressentialqualitiesincharacterinheritedatbi
Theterm"TheLostGeneration"mainlyreferstotheAmericangenerationofyoungpeopleafter
EmilyDickenson’spoemThisismylettertotheWorldexpressesthepoet’s______abouthercommunicationwiththeoutsideworld
Chineseisa__________language.
TheHundredYears’Warfrom1337to1453happenedbetweenEnglandand
CharacteristicsofaBureaucracyPeopleusuallyholdnegativeopiniontowardsbureaucracy,butaccordingtoMaxWeber,bureau
Insomespeechcommunity,twolanguagesareusedsidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay,thisis______.
随机试题
Televisionhasopenedwindowsineverybody’slife.Youngmenwillneveragaingotowarastheydidin1914.Millionsofpeople
毛果芸香碱可治疗新斯的明可治疗
确定基础埋置深度时,不需要考虑的条件是:
假设某基金某日持有的某三种股票的数量分别为100万股、500万股和1000万股,每股的收盘价分别为30元、20元和10元,银行存款为10000万元,对托管人或管理人应付的报酬为5000万元,应付税费为5000万元,基金份额为20000万份。运用一般的会计原
公允价值是指市场参与者在计量日发生的有序交易中,出售一项资产所能收到或转移一项负债所需支付的价格。()
南宋王朝正式定都杭州(临安)的时间是()年。
小青常在课堂上玩手机,小娜提醒小青学校规定课堂上不能玩手机,可小青不听,因此小娜认为小青不是好学生。根据柯尔伯格道德发展理论,小娜的道德发展处于()阶段。
执行下列指令后: MOV AX,1234H MOV CL,4 ROL CL DEC AX MOV CX,4 MUL CX HLT (AH)=( )
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Humanresourcemanagementisn
经过多年的摸索,绿色交通的发展理念早已成为我国交通运输行业发展的共识。根据规划,到2020年,我国交通运输行业有关指标将比2005年实现大幅提升,基本建成绿色循环低碳交通运输体系。要实现这一目标,加快智能交通系统(intelligenttransport
最新回复
(
0
)