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  3. Markway, now 55, is experiencing a new kind of American career stage: the not-quite-retirement. As life spans lengthen, pensions

Markway, now 55, is experiencing a new kind of American career stage: the not-quite-retirement. As life spans lengthen, pensions

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问题     Markway, now 55, is experiencing a new kind of American career stage: the not-quite-retirement. As life spans lengthen, pensions tighten and workplace rules change, hopping from full-time work to full-time leisure is appearing less realistic and, to some, less desirable. The trend has given rise to a new category of employment, the so-called bridge job. Economists use this term to describe part-time or full-time jobs typically held for less than 10 years following full-time careers. According to a 2005 working paper from the Center on Aging and Work at Boston College, one-half to two-thirds of workers take on bridge jobs before fully retiring — one reason the number of workers 65 and up is expected to increase 117% by 2025.

    The prolonged-work ethic comes at a time when American companies face a demographics-driven crisis: What happens when the 76 million baby boomers retire? As older workers begin to leave work in droves, economists project a labor shortage of 10 million by the end of the decade. Some industries, such as utilities, education and energy, are already struggling to stop up the institutional brain drain. So, older workers want to keep working, and employers need them — crisis solved. Right? Not quite, says Deborah Russell, director of workforce issues at the AARP(American Association of Retired Persons). Revising retirement systems requires shifts in attitudes and bureaucratic pension rules.
    Some major employers are ahead of the game, offering options like bridge jobs to attract and keep older workers. The advantages are many: surveys find older workers score high in company loyalty and productivity, and the bridge period can be used to transfer a veteran employee’s knowledge and skills to the next generation. Quest Diagnostics, Cendant Group, New York Life and Verizon were among 11 corporations that recently teamed with the AARP to figure out how to hire and retain over-50 workers.
    But while older workers are often eager to cross such a bridge, many companies haven’t built it yet. Old pension rules continue to push older workers out the door by penalizing or just not rewarding service beyond a given date. Some younger workers assume seniors can’t keep pace with fast-changing technology and business pressures. Many also believe older workers strain payroll and benefit packages, although a recent AARP/Towers Perrin study showed that keeping older workers costs employers just 1 % to 3% more than the cost of replacing them. Half of employers make no attempt at all to retain older workers — even those who are key to the business, according to the Society for Human Resource Management.
The not-quite-retirement Markway is experiencing belongs to a kind of______in economic term.
选项
答案bridge job
解析 第一段第一句指出马克威在经历半退休状态，由三、四句可知他这种状态属于bridge job，是指在结束全职的职场生涯后，紧接着又从事少于10年的兼职或全职工作。
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