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  3. Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behav

Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behav

admin2010-06-01  68
问题     Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various as pects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators.  But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they are working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it is easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for re wards."
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary’ a chievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenbcrger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to’ tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?
选项 A、They have no doubt about them.
B、They have doubts about them.
C、They approve of them.
D、They avoid talking about them.
答案B
解析 第一段最后一句讲到认知派的研究家认为：由于奖励促使学生对别人的赞扬和赠品有依赖心理，奖励常常会破坏创造精神。这种观点是对他人的奖励持怀疑态度的。第二段第1句说到：许多教育家支持此观点，由此可见B项是正确答案。
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