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  3. The term "nationalism" is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1)the members of a nation care about their national identit

The term "nationalism" is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1)the members of a nation care about their national identit

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问题     The term "nationalism" is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1)the members of a nation care about their national identity and(2) that the members of a nation seek to achieve (or sustain) self-determination.
    It is traditional, therefore, to distinguish nations from states—whereas a nation often consists of an ethnic or cultural community, a state is a political entity with a high degree of sovereignty. While many states are nations in some sense, there are many nations which are not fully sovereign states. As an example, the Native American Iroquois constitute a nation but not a state, since they do not possess the requisite political authority over their internal or external affairs. If the members of the Iroquois nation were to strive to form a sovereign state in the effort to preserve their identity as a people, they would be exhibiting a state—focused nationalism.
    Nationalism has long been ignored as a topic in political philosophy, written off as a relic from bygone times. It has only recently come into the focus of philosophical debate. The surge of nationalism usually presents a morally ambivalent and for this reason often fascinating picture. "National awakenings" and struggles for political independence are often both heroic and inhumanly cruel; the formation of a recognizably national state often responds to deep popular sentiment, but can and does sometimes bring in its wake inhuman consequences, including violent expulsion and "cleansing" of non-nationals, all the way to organized mass murder. The moral debate on nationalism reflects a deep moral tension between solidarity with oppressed national groups on the one hand and repulsion in the face of crimes perpetrated in the name of nationalism on the other.
    Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However, such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be classified by other criteria, such as scale and location.
    Nationalism does not necessarily imply a belief in the superiority of one race over others, but in practice, many nationalists support racial protectionism or racial supremacy. Such racism is typically based upon preference or superiority of the indigenous race of the nation.
The two phenomena mentioned in paragraph 1 can be summarized as ______.
选项 A、the peace and the violence
B、the internal and the external
C、the attitude and the actions
D、the powerless and the sovereignty
答案C
解析 概括题；原文给出了民族主义的两种常见现象，题目要求我们将这两种现象进行归纳和概括。“the members of a nation care about their national identity”的核心讲的是一种人们对民族身份的关心，也就是一种态度的问题；而“the members of a nation seek to achieve (or sustain)self-determination"讲的是民族成员追求自治的一种努力，是行为层面的，所以在4个选项中，C选项的概括是准确的。
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