首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Ⅰ. Plato’s idea of goodness and justice A. A good and just society depends on【1】of 3 groups of people: —workers — soldi
Ⅰ. Plato’s idea of goodness and justice A. A good and just society depends on【1】of 3 groups of people: —workers — soldi
admin
2013-11-29
69
问题
Ⅰ. Plato’s idea of goodness and justice
A. A good and just society depends on【1】of 3 groups of people:
—workers
— soldiers
— leaders
B. A good society can happen if workers and soldiers learn【2】
C. A person can be said to be good, Plato believes, if he brings
— desires
— emotions
— intellect
in【3】
Ⅱ. Aristotle’s idea of HappinessA. Aristotle is interested in【4】
Distinction between
1. extrinsic value &
2. intrinsic valueB. Distinction
1. extrinsic value not for themselves
2. intrinsic value【5】e. g. 1. Exercise
If one emphasis the value of exercise for itself than he recognize【6】value of exercises
2. Health
If health enables me to do a lot of other things, then health had【7】
3. teaching
Teaching does not have【8】for all people. C. Happiness
1. All agree that happiness is【9】to be valued for itself and only for itself.
2. What is happiness?
His criteria is True human happiness should be the【10】
Aristotle’s Theory of Happiness
Today, we are going to discuss Aristotle’s ethical theory. Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher. What Aristotle’s ethical theory all about is to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is.
Now, why is he interested in human happiness? It’s not just because it’s something that all people want or aim for. It’s more than that. But to get there we need to first make a very important distinction. Let me introduce a couple of technical terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value.
To understand Aristotle’s interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction.
Some things we aim for and value, not for themselves but for what they bring about in addition to themselves. If I value something as a means to something else, then it has what we will call "extrinsic value. " Other things we desire and hold to be valuable for themselves alone. If we value something not as a means to something else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has "intrinsic value. "
Exercise. There may be some people who value exercise for itself, but I don’t. I value exercise because if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier than I if I didn’t. So I desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically . . . not for its own sake, but as a means to something beyond it. It brings me good health.
Health. Why do I value good health? Well, here it gets a little more complicated for me. Urn, health is important for me because I can’t . . . do other things I want to do—play music, teach philosophy—if I’m ill. So health is important to me—has value to me—as a means to a productive life. But health is also important to me because I just kind of like to be healthy—it feels good. It’s pleasant to be healthy, unpleasant not to be. So to some degree I value health both for itself and as a means to something else: productivity. It’s got extrinsic and intrinsic value for me.
Then there are some things that are just valued for themselves. I’m a musician, not a professional musician; I just play a musical instrument for fun. Why do I value playing music? Well, like most amateur musicians, I only play, because, well, I enjoy it. It’s something that’s an end in itself.
Now, something else I value is teaching. Why? Well, it brings in a modest income, but I could make more money doing other things. I’d do it even if they didn’t pay me. I just enjoy teaching. In that sense it’s an end to itself.
But teaching’s not something that has intrinsic value for all people—and that’s true generally. Most things that are enjoyed in and of themselves vary from person to person. Some people value teaching intrinsically, but others don’t.
So how does all this relate to human happiness? Well, Aristotle asks: is there something that all human beings value . . . and value only intrinsically, for its own sake and only for its own sake? If you could find such a thing, that would be the universal final good, or truly the ultimate purpose or goal for all human beings. Aristotle thought the answer was yes. What is it? Happiness. Everyone will agree, he argues, that happiness is the ultimate end to be valued for itself and really only for itself. For what other purpose is there in being happy? What does it yield? The attainment of happiness becomes the ultimate or highest good for Aristotle.
The next question that Aristotle raises is: what is happiness? We all want it; we all desire it; we all seek it. It’s the goal we have in life. But what is it? How do we find it? Here he notes, with some frustration, people disagree.
But he does give us a couple of criteria, or features, to keep in mind as we look for what true human happiness is. True human happiness should be, as he puts it, complete. Complete in that it’s all we require. Well, true human happiness . . . if you had that, what else do you need? Nothing.
And, second, true happiness should be something that I can obtain on my own. I shouldn’t have to rely on other people for it. Many people value fame and seek fame. Fame for them becomes the goal. But, according to Aristotle, this won’t work either, because fame depends altogether too much on other people. I can’ t get it on my own, without help from other people.
Now, we have learned about Aristotle’s ethical theory. I hope you’ll find it useful in guiding your own life and make it a happy one.
选项
答案
for themselves
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/urZO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
IntheUK,theamountoffundingeachuniversityreceivesisbasedonthefollowingEXCEPT
DumbandDumber,oneofthemodernclassicsofAmericancomedy,tellsthestoryofanaffableidiot,LloydChristmas,whofalls
ForMrs.Saxby,theresumeisall-important,becauseit
Itiscommonforstudentsinhighschooltowonderifcollegeeducationisreallyimportant.Manyhighschoolstudentsdon’ten
Itseemstomethatallwriters,includingthosewhodeservetobeclassifiedasgeniuses,needencouragement,particularlyint
Womencanbeapowerfulforce,capableofmakingsmittenmendoallsortsofthings,includingadjustthewaytheytalktomore
WhatisNOTmentionedaspartofthepreparationthatneedstobemadebeforemarriage?
When,accordingtoMrs.Hammer,isthephoneinterviewlikelytotakeplace?
"Iwanttocriticizethesocialsystem,andtoshowitatwork,atitsmostintense."VirginiaWoolfsprovocativestatementabou
Parakey:SharingOnlineBecomesEverEasierTodayarecipeisn’tpassedonattheThanksgivingtableanymore.It’scommunicat
随机试题
平胃散与藿香正气散共同药物是
65岁,绝经12年,出现间断性阴道少量流血20天,伴双乳胀痛。妇科检查:阴道分泌物较多,皱襞弹性良好;宫颈光滑,外口可见透明分泌物栓;子宫正常略大,活动良好;左附件区可触及扁椭圆实性肿块(8cm×6cm×4cm),活动度较大。分段诊刮病理提示:子宫内膜复杂
下列说法不正确的是
肌糖原分解不能直接补充血糖的原因是肌肉缺少
2007年4月,中国东方公司同美国西海岸公司签订了一份货物买卖合同,双方在合同中约定如果合同履行出现争议,则双方应当将争议提交伦敦仲裁机构仲裁解决。东方公司收到货物以后,发现西海岸公司提供的货物质量不符合合同的约定,遂于2007年10月10日向中国某人民法
砂井法和砂桩法是地基处理的两种方法,下列陈述不正确的是( )。
“老子打儿子”被认为是天经地义,家庭私事,别人无权干涉。这是以下哪一种儿童观的典型表现()
义务教育阶段的数学课程应该体现()、普及性、发展性.
被告人,赵某,男,45岁,2001年因犯交通肇事罪被判处有期徒刑3年,缓刑5年;卢某,男,42岁。被告人赵某系某建筑工程公司(私营公司)招聘的民工,在公司中负责看护施工现场存放的钢筋、水泥等建筑材料。卢某为无业人员,与赵某为同乡。卢某见公司对施工现场的建
UML中的【3】图的主要作用是陈述活动与活动之间流程控制的转移,其作用类似于流程图,然而与流程图不同的是其支持并行行为。
最新回复
(
0
)