首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
admin
2017-03-07
125
问题
Different Types of Learning
I. The definition of learning
A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events
B.【T1】______ of subject’s changing behavior【T1】______
C. A process of recognizing how【T2】______【T2】______
II. Two basic stages of learning
A【T3】______: gradual process with trial and error【T3】______
B. Maintenance: acting on the new information【T4】______【T4】______
III. Four types of learning
A Instrumental or【T5】______【T5】______
— The common one in dog training
— Behavior produces event
which can be a(n)【T6】______ or negative experience【T6】______
— Dogs【T7】______ when rewarded by the experience【T7】______
— Humans get burned when touching a hot stove
— Events/consequences change the behavior
B. Classical/respondent【T8】______【T8】______
— Learning that things go together
— Dogs begin【T9】______ when hearing the bell rings【T9】______
— The first form of learning is【T10】______【T10】______
— For humans, it’s likely to rain when it’s cloudy
C.【T11】______ learning【T11】______
— Also called single event learning
— Events are【T12】______【T12】______
— Dogs won’t perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noise
— People get【T13】______ to noises【T13】______
D. Social learning
— As a result of being in social groups
— Chimpanzees learning how to【T14】______ by watching【T14】______
— People learn from others
— Frequently occurs in a situation of【T15】______ or being dynamic【T15】______
【T8】
Different Types of Learning
Good morning, everybody. Today, I’m going to talk about learning.
Let’s start with the definition of learning. Then what is learning? We define learning as a process where a living being experiences certain relationships between events and is able to recognize an association between events, and as a consequence the subject’s behavior changes because of that experience. Or, more simply, 1earning is the process of recognizing how a living being’s actions change its environment, other beings’ actions, etc. All living things can learn, even goldfish!
There are two basic stages of learning: acquisition and maintenance. When an individual is first learning something, this is called the acquisition stage. This stage of learning is not all or none: rather, it is usually gradual. You may have heard someone use the phrase "trial and error." Once armed with new information, an individual will act on the new information when it is appropriate. This is known as the maintenance stage. Learning begins to plateau during the maintenance stage.
Learning is done in four types: Instrumental learning, which is more commonly known as operant conditioning, classical conditioning, non-associative learning, and social learning.
Operant conditioning is a form that may be very familiar to you if you have ever trained a dog. The majority of learning is some form of operant conditioning. The simplest way to explain this type of learning is that behavior produces events. An event can be a rewarding experience or a negative experience. As a result of such events the behavior changes. A dog learns that his behavior has consequences and that he can control what happens to him by behaving in certain ways, or refraining from behaving in those ways. If your dog raids the garbage, he is rewarded by this experience by getting tidbits of food, and is more likely to repeat the behavior. Human beings are also products of this learning. We learn from a young age that if we touch a hot stove, we’ll get burned. If we put on a raincoat, we’ll stay dry. This form of learning is characterized by Thorndike’s Law of Effect The law states that if the consequence is pleasant the preceding behavior becomes more frequent, whereas if the consequence is unpleasant, the behavior will diminish and in some cases become extinct.
Classical conditioning is another form of learning that is increasing in popularity. This type of learning results from learning that certain things go together. This learning was demonstrated by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. In an investigative experiment, Pavlov was able to demonstrate in dogs that salivation could be started by non-food stimuli such as bells, buzzers, and tones. In his experiments, he was able to show that dogs will salivate when they anticipate food. Thus he created an unrelated stimulus, such as a bell, moments before giving the dog food. Soon the dogs learned that when the bell rings, food is on its way, and thus they began salivating. Humans also learn through classical conditioning. For example, we know that if it is cloudy, that rain is a possibility. Or when something is burning on the stove, the fire alarm may go off. This type of learning is called classical conditioning because it was the first form of learning demonstrated experimentally. It is also sometimes called respondent conditioning, because the first step in changing a behavior due to this type of learning, require involuntary or reflexive behaviors.
Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning. It is also called single event learning. This type of learning involves learning that some events are unrelated and irrelevant. For example, if a dog hears a noise, he may respond by perking up his ears. This response is called an orienting response. If the noise is something which has no relevance to the dog, the dog will not respond when it hears this noise: however, the dog must first learn which noises are or are not relevant. This is known as habituation. One example of this might happen when you move to a house that is on a busy street. The first night you may have trouble sleeping due to your increased awareness of the sounds. Over the next few days you will become habituated to these noises, and soon you won’t even notice they are there. Non-associative learning is learning that there are not always significant associations between events.
Social learning is a form of learning that occurs as a result of being in social groups. In most animals, this type of learning is only responsible for a small amount of behavior change. This type of learning is most prevalent in animal forms similar to humans. Chimpanzees do a great deal of social learning amongst their social group. Chimps will learn how to use tools by watching older members of the group manipulating those same tools. Humans are also extremely adept at social learning. We learn from others how things are done. Social learning occurs most frequently in a situation where there is some sort of social hierarchy or dynamic.
To sum up briefly, today we’ve discussed the definition of learning, the two stages involved in the process of learning and the four types of learning. So now you must have a clear idea of what learning is. I hope you’ve enjoyed this lecture.
选项
答案
conditioning
解析
此题谈论第二种类型。根据录音原文“Classical conditioning是另一种越来越流行的学习模式”,可知答案为conditioning。此题作为四种类型中的第二种,文中多次提及,考生应记录其内容。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/uszK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
SuggestopediaI.IntroductionA.BasedonhowthebrainworksandhowwelearnmosteffectivelyB.Derivedfromsuggestionand
Thereareseveralpossiblerelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneiswhatsocialstructuremayeitherinfluenceordete
Kolb’sLearningStylesPsychologistDavidKolbpresentedhistheoryoflearningstylesin1984.I.Afour-stagecycleoflea
Astherearesomanycollegegraduatescomingoutofthecampusatatime,findingjobsforthemisagrowingproblem,especiall
Ididn’tknowatthetimewhathappenednext.Sartorisdidn’ttellmeuntillater,afterward.Perhapsuptothattimehehadnot
Thereisonepartofwomen’smagazinesthateverymanreads.Itisthesectionpopularlyknownasthe"agonycolumns",wherewo
WaltWhitmanwasapioneeringfigureofAmericanpoetry.Hisinnovation,firstofall,liesinhisuseof______poetrywithouta
A、SheisoneofthefoundersofAppleCompany.B、SheisthetechnologyreporterofWallStreetJournal.C、Shehasinterviewedlo
A、Toprovidesomefinepictures.B、Tokeepitconcreteanddetailed.C、Tousehighlightsanditalicsinformat.D、Tocustomizei
A、Anightshowofentertainment.B、Abook.C、Anationalnewspaper.D、Ajournal.C根据句(1)可知,这个访谈是一档晚间节目——书之智慧,节目中邀请到《今日美国》的主编Mr.Ph
随机试题
已知A是3阶矩阵,α1,α2,α3是3维线性无关列向量,且Aα1=3α1+3α2—2α3,Aα2=一α2,Aα3=8α+6α2—5α3.(Ⅰ)写出与A相似的矩阵B;(Ⅱ)求A的特征值和特征向量;(Ⅲ)求秩r(A+E).
不定期清查主要是在()情况下进行。
关系到企业是否能够按照合约规定交货,进而决定了企业在市场上声誉的是()。
暴雨定点定面关系为()。
下列有关应付债券的相关说法中,正确的有()。
某系统由A、B两个部分组成,两部分工作相互独立,且两部分均失效才能导致系统失效,若A部分的失效概率为0.2,B部分的失效概率为0.1,则系统失效概率为()。
教师在课堂上采用小组讨论的教学方法,重点是培养学生的()。
美国学者罗伯特.卡茨将领导者应具备的技能分为三类,即概念技能、人际技能及()。
A、他为人善良B、喜欢说话人C、他们是老乡D、他们是恋人C语段的第一句就提到了“唐飞是我在这间厂唯一的老乡”,所以对我特别好,选择C。
Readthefollowingpassageandanswerquestions9-18.1.Peoplehavebeenpaintingpicturesforatleast30,000years.Theearli
最新回复
(
0
)