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  3. How many people are suffering from labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questio

How many people are suffering from labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questio

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问题    How many people are suffering from labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire (可怕的) consequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated (减轻) the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority is from multiple earners, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.
   Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is Several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffers. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another part-time working because of the inability to find fulltime work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failings in the labor market are adequately protected.
   As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblassness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.  
According to the text, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to over-predict the amount of economic hardship is the ______.
选项 A、recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low wage workers
B、fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages
C、establishment of a system of record keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics
D、prevalence, among low wage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed
答案D
解析 推断题。本题应注意题目中的over-predict，即“高估”。A项提到的低收入工人经常性失业会引起低估，应排除；B项提到的失业统计没包括那些低收入的有工作的人也是低估的原因，故排除；C项文中并未提及；由第一段第五句的more than one wage earner可知D正确。
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