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  3. Intelligence test scores follow an approximately normal distribution, meaning that most people score near the middle of the dist

Intelligence test scores follow an approximately normal distribution, meaning that most people score near the middle of the dist

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问题     Intelligence test scores follow an approximately normal distribution, meaning that most people score near the middle of the distribution of scores and that scores drop off fairly rapidly in frequency as one moves in either direction from the centre. For example, on the IQ scale, about two out of three scores fall between IQs of 85 and 115, and about 19 out of 20 scores fall between 70 and 130.

    It has been common to associate certain levels of IQ with labels. For example, at the upper end, the label "gifted" is sometimes assigned to people with IQs over a certain point, such as 130. And at the lower end, mental retardation(智力迟钝)has been classified into different degrees depending upon IQ, so that, for example, IQs of 70 — 84 have been classified as borderline retarded, IQs of 55 — 69 as mildly retarded, IQs of 40 — 54 as moderately retarded, IQs of 25 — 39 as severely retarded, and IQs below 25 as profoundly retarded. Labeling schemes like these, however, have pitfalls and are in some ways dangerous.
    First, the labels assume that conventional intelligence tests provide sufficient information to classify someone as either gifted, on the one hand, or mentally retarded, on the other. But most authorities would agree that this assumption is almost certainly false. Conventional intelligence tests are useful in providing information about some people some of the time, but the information they provide is about a fairly narrow range of abilities. To label someone as mentally retarded solely on the basis of a single test score is to risk doing a potentially great disservice and injustice to that person. Most psychologists and other authorities recognize that social as well as strictly intellectual skills are important in classifying a person as retarded. If a person adapts well to the environment, then it seems inappropriate to refer to that person as mentally retarded, a term with inescapably pejorative connotations.
    Second, giftedness is generally recognized as more than just a degree of intelligence, even broadly defined. Most psychologists who have studied gifted persons agree that a variety of aspects make up giftedness. Howard E. Gruber, the Swiss psychologist, believes that giftedness unfolds over the course of a lifetime and involves achievement at least as much as intelligence. Gifted people, he contends, have life plans that they seek to realize, and these plans develop over the course of many years. To measure giftedness merely in terms of a single test score would be, for Gruber, a trivializa-tion of the concept.
It has come to be generally believed that______.
选项 A、an individual with a high IQ score is certainly gifted
B、an individual with a low IQ score must be mentally retarded
C、an individual with a high IQ score may be no less mentally retarded than one with a low IQ score
D、To be gifted or mentally retarded is determined by various factors
答案D
解析 事实细节题。第三段指出判断“有天赋”还是“智障”的另一个重要依据——社交能力，第四段指出天赋由多方面的因素构成。这都说明[D]项说法正确。[C]项在文中找不到依据。其他两项和文章内容不符。
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