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  3. Before Keynes, economists were gloomy naysayers. “Nothing can be done”, “Don’t interfere,” “It will never work,” they intoned wi

Before Keynes, economists were gloomy naysayers. “Nothing can be done”, “Don’t interfere,” “It will never work,” they intoned wi

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问题    Before Keynes, economists were gloomy naysayers. “Nothing can be done”, “Don’t interfere,” “It will never work,” they intoned with Eeyore —like pessimism. But Keynes was an unswerving optimist. Of course we can lick unemployment! There is no reason to put up with recessions and depressions! The “economic problem is not—if we look into the future—the permanent problem of the human race,” he wrote.
   Keynes was born in Cambridge, England, in 1883. His father John Neville Keynes was a noted Cam- bridge economist. His mother Florence Ada Keynes became mayor of Cambridge. Young John was a brilliant student but didn’t immediately aspire to either academiv or public life. He wanted to run a railroad. "It is so easy.., and fascinating to master the principles of these things," he told a friend, with his usual modesty. But no railroad came along, and Keynes ended up taking the civil service exam. His lowest mark was in economics. "I evidently knew more about Economics than my examiners. "he later explained.
   Keynes was posted to the India Office, but the Civil Service proved deadly dull, and he soon left. He lectured at Cambridge, edited an influential journal and socialized with his Bloomsbury friends, surrounded himself with artists and writers and led an altogether dilettantish life until Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo, and Europe was plunged into World War I. Keynes was called to Britain’s Treasury to work on overseas finances, where he quickly shone. Even his artistic tastes came in handy. He figured a way to balance the French accounts by having Britain’s National Gallery buy paintings by Ma-net, Corot and Delacroix at bargain prices.
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答案 凯恩斯以前的经济学家都是悲观的“说不者”。“无能为力”，“不要干涉”，“不起作用”，他们以一种Eeyore式的悲观声调说道。但凯恩斯是一个坚定不移的乐观主义者。我们当然能战胜失业!没有理由容忍萧条和衰退!“经济问题并不是——如果我们向前看——人类永久的问题”，他写道。 凯恩斯于1883年出生于英国剑桥。他的父亲约翰-内维尔-凯恩斯是剑桥大学著名的经济学家，母亲弗罗伦斯-阿达-凯恩斯曾任剑桥市长。青年约翰虽然是一名出类拔萃的学生，但没有立即投身学术或公务生涯。他想的是运营铁路。“掌握这些事物的原理是如此简单……而且令人着迷，”他以惯有的谦虚对一个朋友说道。但关于铁路的设想并未变成现实，凯恩斯最终参加了公务员考试。得分最低的是经济学。“我在经济学方面的知识显然胜过我的考官，”他后来如此解释。 凯恩斯供职于印度事务部，但政府工作极为单调乏味，他不久即辞职。他在剑桥大学讲学、编辑一份有影响的杂志、和布鲁姆斯伯里的朋友来往、周旋于艺术家和作家之间，过着一种涉猎广泛的生活。直到奥地利的弗朗西斯-费迪南德大公在萨拉热窝遇刺被害，欧洲陷入第一次世界大战的战火中，他才结束了这种生活。凯恩斯被调到英国财政部，负责海外财政，并迅速崭露头角。甚至连他的艺术鉴赏力也派上了用场，他找到了平衡与法国国际收支差额的方法：由英国国家美术馆以优惠价格购人莫奈、柯罗和德拉克洛瓦的画作。
解析 本篇涉及的句子难度都不大，所用翻译技巧也很少。其侧重点在于一些词汇及词组结构，主要考查了学生的词汇能力。另外，学生的知识结构在解答本题时也有一定体现。一些必要的常识还是应该具备的。
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