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  3. The President, in whose hands the US governmental system places the executive power, owes neither his election to that office no

The President, in whose hands the US governmental system places the executive power, owes neither his election to that office no

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问题     The President, in whose hands the US governmental system places the executive power, owes neither his election to that office nor his tenure in it to the legislature, the congress. The President is elected by the people for a term fixed by the US Constitution.【F1】It is not unusual for a US President to be one political party while another party holds majorities in one or both chambers, or houses, of Congress—the House of Representatives and the Senate.
    【F2】The two major US political parties are vast, sprawling, decentralized conglomerations of varied ideological positions whose members do not feel obliged to vote the way the party leaders tell them to do. In fact, most members come to Congress as independent entrepreneurs, willing to go along with party policy only to the extent that it does not conflict with what they perceive to be the wishes and interests of their constituencies.
    What are the consequences for a legislature of a constitutional structure that deliberately pits the executive and legislative branches against each other and a party system whose individual members are unabashedly independent and indifferently constrained by party discipline?
    【F3】Most legislatures—whether they are presidential or parliamentary—find it at least convenient and usually essential to establish some sort of committee system, if only for the division of work. What sets American congressional committees apart from those in parliamentary systems is the nature of their work.
    The US Congress views itself as at least an equal partner with the President in the development of policy. Consequently, congressional committees are not merely panels for technical review and minor perfection of legislation. They have been described as the "nerve ends of Congress—the gatherers of information, the sifters of alternatives, the refiners of legislation". They are the chief instrument for the critical review of executive branch proposals and of proposals form many other sources as well.【F4】On behalf of their parent bodies (the Senate or the House), committees winnow out what is and what is not acceptable, burying proposals that are not and modifying, often quite extensively, whatever remains. Sometimes they identify public problems overlooked or ignored by the executive branch and develop proposals for dealing with them.
    In addition, US congressional committees serve as the legislature’s watchdog over the executive branch.【F5】They are responsible for "oversight" of the organization and operation of the executive agencies: how efficiently and effectively those agencies perform their duties, and whether and how they are carrying out the intent of the laws enacted by the Congress.
    In the words of one US President, "Congress in its committee rooms is Congress at work."
【F2】
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答案美国四大政党庞大、散漫，各种意识形态汇聚一体而又各行其是，党员不认为有必要按照党领袖的要求去投票。
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