2. 外语
  3. Scientific methodology is based on generating hypotheses and testing them to see if they make sense; in laboratories throughout

Scientific methodology is based on generating hypotheses and testing them to see if they make sense; in laboratories throughout

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问题 Scientific methodology is based on generating hypotheses and testing them to see if they make sense; in laboratories throughout the world, researchers spend at least as much time trying to disprove a theory as they do trying to prove it. Eventually, those ideas that don’t prove false are accepted. But fingerprinting was developed by the police, not by scientists, and it has never been subjected to rigorous analysis—you cannot go to Harvard, Berkeley, or Oxford and talk to the scholar working on fingerprint research. Yet by the early twentieth century, fingerprinting had become so widely accepted in American courts that further research no longer seemed necessary, and none of any significance has been completed.
   The discussion of fingerprinting is only the most visible element in a much larger debate about how forensic science fits into the legal system. For years, any sophisticated attorney was certain to call upon expert witnesses to assert whatever might help his case. And studies have shown that juries are in fact susceptible to the influence of such experts. Until recently, though, there were no guidelines for qualification; nearly anybody could be called an expert, which meant that, unlike other witnesses, the expert could present his "opinion" almost as if it were fact.
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答案科学方法论的基础是，提出各种假设，然后验证它们是否能够成立。在全世界各地的实验室里，研究人员用于证明某理论不能成立的时间至少不少于证明其能够成立的时间。最终，证明是正确的概念被接受。但是指纹学是由警方而非科学家发展起来的，也从未受到过严密的分析。 关于法庭科学怎样适用于法律体系这个问题，目前有一场大的争论，对指纹的讨论只是其中一个最明显的部分。许多年来，任何一个经验老到的律师都肯定会请来专家证人作证，给出有利于他的证词。调查表明，陪审团成员事实上受这些专家的影响。然而，直到不久之前，从来还没有任何标准来衡量他们是否合格。几乎谁都可以被称为专家。这意味着，专家不同于其他证人，他能提出他的“看法”，好像他的“看法”几乎就是事实。
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