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  3. There is a range of factors that affect the demand for private rental accommodation in Astoria. 【F1】In the past, the 20-29 year

There is a range of factors that affect the demand for private rental accommodation in Astoria. 【F1】In the past, the 20-29 year

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问题     There is a range of factors that affect the demand for private rental accommodation in Astoria. 【F1】In the past, the 20-29 year age group has had the highest rental participation rates. A continued decline over the next decade in the size of this group indicates a long-term easing of demand. Other factors may also have an adverse effect on rental demand, such as falls in the rates of overseas immigration or high unemployment rates, especially among younger age groups. Furthermore, a decline in the participation in full-time employment of those in the 18-24 year age group will also have a negative influence on demand. 【F2】On the other hand, a factor that may reverse these trends will be the ongoing difficulties faced by low to moderate income groups in buying their own homes and the long waiting periods for public housing.
    In Astoria, landlords play an important role as suppliers of housing in the private rental market. Generally, they fall into one of six categories.  Firstly, the absentee landlord is an individual who, rather than making a conscious investment decision, is forced to rent out his or her own home while away for a period of time. The absentee landlord typically holds no more than one property but, as a group, they control approximately 25% of rental properties in Astoria.
    The survey found that this group represents approximately 37% of landlords. 【F3】Next the equity investor is the type of landlord who holds between two and four properties over many years with the intention of complete ownership to provide income in retirement. This group controls about 25% of private rental properties. Similarly, the negative gearer owns a number of properties in the same range but only for a medium-term period. The investment is used to reduce overall taxation and the properties generally are sold when equity reaches 40% -50% . This type of investor controls approximately 20% of all private rental properties. 【F4】Another type of landlord is the property speculator who holds at least five properties and is always trying to increase the number. Property speculators generally own properties for a moderate to long period. Furthermore, they generate levels of equity equal to about 50% of the value of their properties. The equity is then reinvested in additional properties. Rental income approximately equals costs. The property manager and the property speculator equally share 25% of private rental properties in Astoria. The former type of landlord also has large numbers of properties but with equity levels three-quarters of the value of the properties. A property manager is typically an incorporated company whose main business is in the property field. The properties are held for long periods and the rental income generated significantly exceeds costs. 【F5】The final category is that of the casual landlord who is typically a person who informally lets a room or shares the house he or she lives in, usually as a means of easing loan cost. Landlords in this group tend to own only the building they live in and are thought to make up the remaining share of the rental market.
【F2】
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答案与这些趋势相悖的一个因素是中低收入的群体所面临的困难，买不起自己的房子又等不起公房，就得租房。
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