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  3. Human societies have experienced so many wars, but have you ever thought about what a war really is? War may be a natural expres

Human societies have experienced so many wars, but have you ever thought about what a war really is? War may be a natural expres

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问题      Human societies have experienced so many wars, but have you ever thought about what a war really is? War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger hostility and territoriality are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate survival mechanism or an instinct for self-preservation that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But on the other hand human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function. It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed.
     The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.
     The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states, it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment allegiance and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community’s deepest religious and ethical commitments.
What does the author mean by saying "…in legal systems the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused" (Lines 4-5, Para. 2)?
选项 A、Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.
B、Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.
C、Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.
D、Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.
答案D
解析 词汇语义题。解题关键是对depersonalized and diffused的准确理解。其后就有对这句话的解释：社会承担着保护个体免受暴力侵犯的责任。但个体受到侵犯时，也是由社会负责来实施惩罚。所以，选项D是正确答案。选项A，B没有revenge这个概念出现，选项C说暴力的受害人发现更难复仇了，文章没有提及，均不是答案。
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