首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
admin
2010-04-28
22
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon adsorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements: basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzaia, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the eiders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Province, in France. Provinces had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name. Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of banning or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.
Etiquette as an art of gracious living is quoted as a feature of which country?
选项
A、Egypt.
B、18th century France.
C、Renaissance Italy.
D、England
答案
C
解析
推断题。从文中第五段可知provence是把礼节作为一种特色。在第六段第一行可知文艺复兴时期的意大利也是这样。因此可知C项正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/x5qO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、Headvisesstudentsparticipatinginaspecialprogram.B、Heteachespart-timeinanelementaryschool.C、Heobserveselementa
ThemostwidelydiscussedalternativetothetraditionalcampusistheInternetUniversity—avoluntarycommunitytoscholars/tea
ThemostwidelydiscussedalternativetothetraditionalcampusistheInternetUniversity—avoluntarycommunitytoscholars/tea
A、Laurenwantspeopletobelievethatsheisrich.B、Laurenwasnotrich,butsheismadetoberichnow.C、Laurenisnotasric
A、Idon’tbelievewhatDonaldsaid.B、I’msurethatDonaldisdivorcednow.C、DonaldandFranciewereplanningtogetdivorced.
A、Thehightemperaturerequiredforitsuse.B、Thehighcostofmaterialsusedinitsproduction.C、Thelackoftrainedenvironm
A、OnequarterofthewholeAmericanpopulation.B、ElevenpercentofthepresentAmericanpopulation.C、Around90,000.D、Some900
HungerandfoodinsecurityhavebeencalledAmerica’s"hiddencrisis."Atthesametime,andapparentlyparadoxically,obesity
HungerandfoodinsecurityhavebeencalledAmerica’s"hiddencrisis."Atthesametime,andapparentlyparadoxically,obesity
A、higherthan1995to2000B、lowerthan1973to1995C、Asgoodas1995to2000D、thesameas1993to1995B
随机试题
天花粉在贝母瓜蒌散中的主要治疗作用是
糖类纸色谱的展开系统中常加入一定量的乙酸、吡啶或乙醇,目的在于
下列是进度控制过程的部分内容,其中()是最先和最后进行的。
为保持合理的外债结构,以控制外债偿还风险,原则上应该积极适度利用()。
生活垃圾填埋场HDPE膜焊缝质量的非破坏性检测方法主要有()检测法。
背景资料某工程建筑面积13000m2,地处繁华城区。东、南两面紧邻市区主要路段,西、北两面紧靠居民小区一般路段。在项目实施过程中发生如下事件:事件一:对现场平面布置进行规划,并绘制了施工现场平面布置图。事件二:为控制成本,现场
审计人员决定对某些应付账款进行函证,将下列客户中的甲和丁作为对象。( )A注册会计师计划测试L公司2006年度土营业务收入的完整性,从主营业务收入明细账中抽取2007年1月1日的明细记录,检查相应的记账凭证、发运单和销售发票。( )
辅助图形的造型大都采用中性性格的单纯造型来作为单位基本型,较常用的有______、______、______、______、______、______等
根据以下资料,回答下列问题。以下说法能够由资料推出的是()。
下列实验中,支持情绪先天获得论的经典实验为()。(2014年)
最新回复
(
0
)