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  3. In Greek cities, the gymnasium originated as a place of exercise for the citizens, specifically to fit the boys for the rigors o

In Greek cities, the gymnasium originated as a place of exercise for the citizens, specifically to fit the boys for the rigors o

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问题    In Greek cities, the gymnasium originated as a place of exercise for the citizens, specifically to fit the boys for the rigors of service as hoplites. At first no more than an open space, with a water supply, often sited in conjunction with a sanctuary or shrine, as late as the 5th century B. C. gymnasia seem not to have needed architectural development, shade and shelter being provided rather by groves of trees. Descriptions of the A-thenian gymnasia, the Lyceum, Cynosarges, and above all the Academy conform with this.
   Frequented also by older citizens, and particularly from the connection with the 4th-century philosophers, they became more intellectual centres. Though the element of exercise was never lost, the concept of education became more important. Some—those at Athens in particular—through the interests of the philosophical schools became in effect universities. More usually in the cities of the Hellenistic age they functioned as secondary schools. More specialized architecture was required, and the gymnasia became enclosed areas, their buildings arranged largely on the courtyard principle. The Academy at Athens acquired such a courtyard, with shrine-building and fountain-house, but is badly preserved and not fully understood. Better-preserved examples are found in the Asia Minor cities. The lower gymnasium at Priene is adjacent to the stadium which provides athletic facilities. The gymnasium itself is wholly a school building, comprising a small courtyard with rooms opening off. One, its walls liberally inscribed by the pupils, is the classroom; another provides tubs and running cold water for washing. The gymnasium at Pergamum is larger and more complex (the details partly obscured by the later intrusion of a Roman bath-building) but included its own running-track. A similar running-track, roofed but with ample ventilation, has been identified next to the so-called forum of Caesar at Cyrene, indicating that this was originally a colonnaded exercise ground of a Hellenistic gymnasium.
   Gymnasia were generally provided by the city. That at Alexandria was situated at the centre of the city, close to the agora. As a centre of education it became a focus for the maintenance of Greek identity in the face of non-Greek settlement and Roman political control.
   In their function as schools, gymnasia continued to flourish in the Greek cities during the Roman period. In the west the exercise facilities were more usually developed in the context of the bath-buildings, especially at Rome in the imperial thermae.
In terms of the use of gymnasia, the difference between Greeks and Romans lies in that______.
选项 A、gymnasia were used by Romans only for exercise
B、Romans usually exercise themselves in bath houses and Greeks, in gymnasia
C、gymnasia were used by Romans for education but for physical exercise by Greeks
D、Greek gymnasia were provided by cities while Romans gymnasia were provided by politicians
答案B
解析 事实细节题。最后一段第二句提到，罗马的健身设施往往是建在浴室中；文章第一句即表明，在希腊的城市，市民运动的场所逐渐演变为体育馆，[B]符合原文，故为答案。罗马的健身设施建在浴室中，可推知，罗马的体育馆不仅可以运动锻炼，还可以洗浴，[A]项表述不正确，故排除；gymnasia在罗马是否有作为教育场所的功能，原文未曾提及，故排除[C]项；第三段第一、三句讲，gymnasia通常由城市建立，后来成了希腊认同的一种标志，但文中未提及罗马的gymnasia是谁建立的，故排除[D]项。
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