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  3. Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societie

Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societie

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问题     Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eats together. The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together. She distinguishes between regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktail parties for acquaintances. The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflects who is present. For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party. It would be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers. The distinctions among cocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited to dinner, and those who come to a family meal. In this example, the type of food symbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.
    In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together. The men take their meals in a men’s house, separately from their wives and children. Women prepare and eat their food in their own houses and take the husband’s portion to the men’s house. The women eat with their children in their own houses. This pattern is also widespread among Near Eastern societies.
    Eating is a metaphor that is sometimes used to signify marriage. In many New Guinea societies, like that of the Lesu on the island of New Ireland in the Pacific and that of the Trobriand Islanders, marriage is symbolized by the couple’s eating together for the first time. Eating symbolizes their new status as a married couple. In U.S. society, it is just the reverse. A couple may go out to dinner on a first date.
    Other cultural rules have to do with taboos against eating certain things. In some societies, members of a clan, a type of kin (family) group, are not allowed to eat the animal or bird that is their totemic ancestor. Since they believe themselves to be descended from that ancestor, it would be like eating that ancestor or eating themselves.
    There is also an association between food prohibitions and rank, which is found in its most extreme form in the caste (social class) system of India. A caste system consists of ranked groups, each with a different economic specialization. In India, there is an association between caste and the idea of pollution. Members of highly ranked groups can be polluted by coming into contact with the bodily secretions, particularly saliva, of individuals of lower-ranked castes. Because of the fear of pollution, Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with, not eat from the same plate as, not even accept food from an individual or from a low-ranking caste.
Eating together indicates all the following EXCEPT________.
选项 A、the type of food
B、social relations
C、marital status
D、family ties
答案A
解析 本题关键词是Eating together，问题是：一起吃饭不能表明什么?可以定位于前三段。根据第一段第十句，食物的种类(the type of food)象征着(symbolizes)客人的类别 (the category of guest)以及用餐者的关系(with whom it is eaten)。由此可知，通过食物，人们可以判断来客的身份以及一起用餐的人之间的关系，而不是一起用餐表明了食物的种类，因此选项A属于曲解文意，是正确答案。根据第一段第四句，饭局的种类(the kind of meal)和供应的食物种类(the kind of food that is served)与在一起吃饭的人(people who are eating together)之间的社会关系种类(the kinds of social links)有关，由此可知，一起吃饭可以表明用餐人之间的社会关系，因此选项B“社会关系(social relations)”与原文含义相同。根据第三段第二句，在许多新几内亚社会中，……夫妇首次在一起吃饭(the couple’s eating together for the first time)代表着正式成婚 (marriage)，由此可知，一起吃饭可以表明婚姻状况，因此选项C“婚姻状况(marital status)”与原文含义相同。根据第二段第一句和第二句，在一些新几内亚社会中，核心家庭(the nuclear family)并不是一起用餐的群体(not the unit that eats together)，可以推知，一起吃饭在某些地区可以表明家庭关系，因此选项D“家庭关系(family ties)”与原文含义相同。
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