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  3. 　　In The Birth Order Book: Why You Are the Way You Are (2004), Dr. Kevin Leman notes that 21 of the first 23 Americans in space

　　In The Birth Order Book: Why You Are the Way You Are (2004), Dr. Kevin Leman notes that 21 of the first 23 Americans in space

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问题 　　In The Birth Order Book: Why You Are the Way You Are (2004), Dr. Kevin Leman notes that 21 of the first 23 Americans in space were first-born males or only children. More than half of United States presidents have been first-horns or first-born boys. It’s a pretty significant finding historically, because families used to be bigger than they are today.
　　In addition to being high achievers, older children also generally have higher IQs (智商) than younger ones. Researchers have noted that the more kids a family has, the lower each child’s individual IQ tends to be. They give a few reasons for this.
　　Parents only have so much time, attention, and money. The more kids they have, the more these things are divided. First-borns initially get the entire parental-time pie. What’s more, the ratio of grown-ups to kids decreases with each new baby. So the younger ones are surrounded by more children’s language on average than the older kids.
　　Some researchers think parental attention is the key to personality birth-order differences. In his book Born to Rebel , psychologist Frank Sulloway says competition for Mom and Dad’s attention is the thing that really shapes our personalities and, in fact has shaped history. He argues that we adapt our personalities as part of our strategy to seek favor from Morn and Dad. Younger siblings (兄弟姐妹) tend to become rebels. Sulloway studied political activists and found that later-born activists were more radical than their first-born peers.
　　The conclusion of his book is that sibling competition for parental attention can affect society as a whole in times of revolution. Thomas Jefferson, Karl Marx, and Fidel Castro were all younger siblings, for example.
　　As compelling as this all is, it’s also something we should probably take with caution, there are other things that happen to us in life besides the addition of siblings to our families. A parent can die; a hurricane can leave us homeless; we can catch a life-threatening disease. Any one of these things will probably have more of an effect on our personalities than the presence of siblings.
　　A 2002 study bore this out. After interviewing 535 undergraduates, researchers concluded that personality differences related to birth order were "folklore", although IQ and achievement differences were widely supported by research.  
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor shaping personality?
选项 A、Death of a parent.
B、Children"s language.
C、A natural disaster.
D、A fatal disease.
答案B
解析 细节题。文章第六段指出：A parent can die; a hurricane can leave us homeless; we can catch a life-threatening disease.父母的死亡、飓风的袭击以及致命的疾病这些都会影响性格的形成，但没有涉及孩子的语言。所以B项符合题意。
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