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  3. Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t

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问题     Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
    No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science; exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
    A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
    Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate______.
选项 A、the process of specialization and professionalisation
B、the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
C、the change of policies in scientific publications
D、the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
答案A
解析 本题是目的题。根据题干“地质学发展”定位到第二段末尾和第三段，第三段主要讲的是地质学的发展，以及第四段的第一句“虽然职业化和专业化过程早在19世纪已在英国的地质学领域展开，但直到20世纪我们才看到其全面影响”，因此可以判断这里的正确答案是A。B项认为是“业余研究者在科学研究方面的艰辛”。例子中虽然提到专业化给业余研究者带来不利影响，但是从整体来看，地质学的例子主要是为了说明“专业化和职业化过程的形成及其影响”。
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