首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they
Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they
admin
2015-04-24
57
问题
Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine’s "intelligence" on the details of its own perceptions — its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.
Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.
Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context — what happens if the axioms are relaxed — is thereby ignored.
The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
It can be inferred from the text that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?
选项
A、The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context.
B、The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.
C、The arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists.
D、The premises on which the arguments are based may change.
答案
D
解析
细节推断题。根据题干关键词arguments定位到原文尾段。原文尾段中的the assumptions与选项D中的premises为同义替换,尾段中的is based are slightly changed与选项D中的are based maychange对应。故答案为D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/z8LO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Allthestudentsofthisuniversityhavefree______totheInternetviaabroadband.
Afteryou’vestartedtomasterthetechniques,therealstruggleisjustbeginning.It’s______thatmakesyougreat.
Indeed,almosteveryscientistnowfindsitimpossibletoreadalltheworksrelevanttohisownsubject,______extensivelyoutsi
Theboystudentsinthisschoolarenearly______asthegirlstudentstosaytheyintendtogetacollegedegreeinbusiness.
ThemilitaryaspectoftheUnitedStatesCivilWarhasalwaysattractedthemostattentionfromscholars.Theroarofgunfire,t
Thenewsecretaryhaswrittenaremarkably______reportwithinafewhundredwordsbutwithalltheimportantdetailsincluded.
Inthispart,youareaskedtowriteanessayaccordingtotheoutlinegiven.Yourcompositionshouldbeabout200words.Rememb
Researchiscommonlydividedinto"applied"and"pure".Thisclassificationisarbitraryandloose,butwhatisusuallymeantis
Evenifalmostnothingisknownabouttheneuroanatomyofsymboling,agreatdealisknownabouttheevolutionofmind(or"mind
Realpolicemen,bothBritainandtheUnitedStates,hardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV
随机试题
在国际竞争性招标过程中,从刊登招标广告或发售招标文件算起,给予投标商准备投标的时间不得少于()天。
不实行资本金制度的项目是()。
施工安全信息保证体系的工作内容包括:①信息收集;②确保信息工作条件;③信息处理;④信息服务。正确的工作顺序是()。
背景:某市一办公楼是6层内浇外砌砖混结构,总建筑面积6500m2。该工程1999年8月开工,2000年11月竣工。经市质量监督站核定达不到合格等级,建设单位委托法定检测单位检测,结论是:该楼内墙混凝土强度不满足设计要求,整栋房屋不满足8度抗震设防要求。
社会主义的本质是解放生产力,发展生产力,消灭剥削,消除两极分化,最终达到()。
设y=f(x)是区间[0,1]上的任一非负连续函数.(1)试证存在x0∈(0,1),使得在区间[0,x0]上以f(x0)为高的矩形面积,等于在[x0,1]上以y=f(x)为曲边的梯形面积.(2)又设f(x)在区间(0,1)内可导,且,证明(1)中的x0
微分方程(6x+y)dx+xdy=0的通解是_______
PresidentBarackObamaclaimedprogressWednesdayinhissecond-termdrivetocombatclimatechangebutsaidmoremustbedonet
设循环队列的存储空间为Q(1:100),初始状态为空。现经过一系列正常操作后,front=49,则循环队列中的元素个数为
Manyadelegatewasinfavorofhisproposalthataspecialcommittee______toinvestigatetheincident.
最新回复
(
0
)