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  3. Usually, there are two reasons to pursue scientific knowledge: for the sake of the knowledge itself, and for the practical u

Usually, there are two reasons to pursue scientific knowledge: for the sake of the knowledge itself, and for the practical u

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问题     Usually, there are two reasons to pursue scientific knowledge: for the
    sake of the knowledge itself, and for the practical use of that knowledge.
    Because this second aspect of science effects the fives of most people,      【M1】______
    it is much more familiar than the first. Knowledge must be gained,
    however, after it can be applied, and often the most important technological 【M2】______
    advances arise from research pursued for its own sake.
    Traditionally, new technology has concerned with the construction            【M3】______
    of machines, structures, and tools in a relatively large scale. The          【M4】______
    development of materials for building bridges, skyscrapers or highways
    is an example of this, as it is the development of the internal-combustion   【M5】______
    engine and the nuclear reactor. While such activities involve all sections
    of the sciences, the overriding goal has been the same, that is, improve     【M6】______
    the human condition by finding good ways to deal with the macroscopic        【M7】______
    world.
    Since World War Ⅱ, the focus of technological activity underwent
    a major change. While the old activities are still pursued, they have been
    largely superseded by applications of technology at the microscopic level.
    Instead of building large-scale structures and machines, modern-day
    technology tends to concentrate on finding improving ways to transfer        【M8】______
    information and to develop new materials by studying the way atoms come
    together. The silicon chip and microelectronics typify this new technological
    trend, as did the blossoming of genetic engineering. The trend can be        【M9】______
    expected to continue for the foreseeable decades.                            【M10】______
【M2】
选项
答案after→before
解析 逻辑关系连接词错误。“掌握知识”(knowledge must be gained)应该发生在“应用”(be applied)之前，而不是之后，故要改after为before。
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