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  3. Sport psychology research has documented the important rote of significant adults such as parents and coaches in youth participa

Sport psychology research has documented the important rote of significant adults such as parents and coaches in youth participa

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问题     Sport psychology research has documented the important rote of significant adults such as parents and coaches in youth participants’ psychosocial development and achievement motivation. However, the situation concerning parents and coaches in youth sport is somewhat of a conundrum—the roles of coach and parent are often synonymous, suggesting not simply an independent relationship with the child participant.
    In recent years, a growing body of literature has emerged on parent influence in youth sport based on these and other theories. First, research shows that parents who are more supportive and less pressuring of their children are associated with youth participants who report higher perceived competence, enjoyment, and intrinsic motivation toward sport. Second, parents who encourage their child’s participation and exhibit enjoyment of physical activity are related to children who report higher perceived competence and attraction toward physical activity.  Finally, parents who hold stronger positive beliefs about their child’s physical competence are associated with children who report higher self-perceptions, value toward sport, and physical activity levels.
    A prevalent phenomenon of North American culture is the parent-coach dual role. Most coaches in competitive youth sport are parents of one or more of their players. Brown estimated that about 90% of the volunteer coaches in a given community are a parent of one or more team members. Although one can forward several positive aspects of the parent-coach phenomenon, there is also the potential for youth to perceive stress from this parent-child relationship. Several researchers reported that adolescent athletes felt pressure from their coaches and parents to perform well, and desired that parents be sources of social support and leave skill and strategy instruction to the coach’s domain. Collectively, anecdotal accounts and empirical data suggest that exploring the benefits and costs of parents coaching their children is a worthy topic from both theoretical and applied perspectives.
    Therefore, based on previous research on the role of parents and coaches in youth development, the purpose of the present study was to gain knowledge about the parent-coach phenomenon in competitive youth sport. We accomplished this purpose by interviewing youth soccer players who were coached by their parent, the child’s teammates, and the parent-coach. We expect that child participants would identify both positive and negative aspects of having a parent as their coach, in line with previous research, but we were most curious to know if different issues would be raised about the unique parent-coach/child-athlete relationship.
What does the word "conundrum" (Line 4, Para. 1) most probably mean?
选项 A、Contradictory; with many disagreements.
B、A difficult problem.
C、Indistinct or not clear in definition.
D、Not yet having been ascertained or determined.
答案B
解析 词义题；该词在原文的位置非常关键，所以要推断这个词的意思，我们需要对整个段落的含义有很好的把握。conundrum出现在这个以however引导的句子中，这个句子之前的句子表达的意思是“运动心理学的很多研究都记录了父母和教练在青少年的心理发展和成就动机中的作用”。而破折号之后的内容给我们的提示更加直接，说父母和教练的情况并没有那么简单。那我们需要的就是在选项中寻找一个“简单”的反义词，比较阅读4个选项，B选项所表示的“难题”符合上下文的要求，是我们需要的正确答案。
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