首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Some Theories of History I. The problems of understanding history History with written records: the records may be【T1】______
Some Theories of History I. The problems of understanding history History with written records: the records may be【T1】______
admin
2018-05-24
60
问题
Some Theories of History
I. The problems of understanding history
History with written records: the records may be【T1】______ and inaccurate.【T1】______
History before writing: we can only make a partial【T2】______.【T2】______
II. Some theories have been proposed to give【T3】______ to human history【T3】______
Theory 1
Man continually【T4】______ in terms of his potentials and【T4】______
his abilities to【T5】______ these potentials.【T5】______
Modern man is superior to his ancestors
【T6】______, physically and morally.【T6】______
A branch of the theory: man rose to a【T7】______ before.【T7】______
Theory 2
Man’s history is a【T8】______ of stages of development, whose pattern is【T8】______
the【T9】______ and fall of civilization.【T9】______
Whether modern man is superior to his ancestors depends on
what【T10】______ of civilization he is in.【T10】______
Theory 3
In this theory, the first two theories【T11】______ with each other.【T11】______
It is known as the【T12】______ of history.【T12】______
Theory 4
This theory views human history from the【T13】______【T13】______
of【T14】______ groups.【T14】______
Human history can be interpreted as the【T15】______ of class struggle.【T15】______
【T14】
Some Theories of History
Good morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, we are going to talk about some theories of history.
How much of man’s history do we know? We really know very little. Written records exist for only a fraction of what we suppose to have been man’s time as a unique species. Furthermore, the accuracy of these records is often suspected, and the scope and selection of significant detail in them often needs improvement.
It is worse when we try to reconstruct man’s history before the development of writing, and this is unfortunate because the history of the early development of human society is lost to us. The most that we can do is to use traces, deduction, speculation and the knowledge we have of the habits of those animals which have some elementary social order to help us make a partial reconstruction. This is hardly a satisfactory substitute for precise information.
With our knowledge of human history, which is only fragmentary at best, it is therefore nearly impossible to reconstruct the beginning, and to deduce the end, of the story of man. Thus, there have developed many schools of thought on the subject, each of which attempts to give coherence to the human past by fitting it into the framework of a theory of history.
The first theory I want to introduce is assumed that man continually progress. He has evolved from a lower to a higher form of being, and he continues to evolve. This evolution takes place both in terms of his potentials and his abilities to actualize these potentials.
If one holds this theory, one feels that modern man must be more intelligent and civilized today than his ancestors, as well as physically and morally superior to them. One further assumes that this progress will continue into an ever more glorious future. Here deduction often ends and dreams of Utopia begin, for it seems that most of us find it hard to think of the human race developing into a race of angels. All in all, as a theory of history, the above view has had many eminent supporters.
It might be well to mention here a variation on this theory that used to be popular, namely the idea that man rose from a low condition to a Golden Age at some time in the remote past, and that things have gone straight downhill ever since. Many eminent men have found a sort of gloomy comfort in this idea, but science has now opened up possibilities for the future which makes this theory less defendable. Perhaps for this reason the theory has little modern support.
A second theory of history is held by those men who see man’s history as something quite different from a simple progression from a lower to a higher state. They see it as a cycle of stages of development which are predictable in their broad outlines and main features. As surely as a civilization rises and comes into being, so also must it decline and fall. The chief pattern one sees in history is the rise and fall of civilization.
To holders of this theory, modern man is not looked upon as the most superior social being yet produced. He is simply the typical product of the current stage in the cycle of our civilization. In fact he may actually be inferior to members of past civilizations. It all depends upon what stage of civilization we happen to be living in. Indeed, it has been said that the average modern literate city dweller is comparatively more ignorant of his era’s fund of knowledge than other literate city dwellers of the past While the staggering fund of knowledge in our technologically advanced world is undoubtedly greater than that of any past civilization, it is probably true that the average modern man, relying on such repetitive forms of entertainment as television and working in a narrowly specialized job, knows a great deal less sheer information about his world than did earlier people.
In a third theory of history, the two above theories are to some degree reconciled. According to this theory, which is often termed the spiral view of history, human societies do repeat a cycle of stages, but overall progress observable in the long historical perspective. Civilizations do rise and fall, as the advocates of the second theory maintain, but the new civilization which replaces the first, usually by conquest, contains superior qualities which enable it to rise to a higher stage of development until it, too, declines and is replaced by yet a third civilization.
The above theories interpret history in term as if the overall progress of mankind in general without respect to differentiations within the social order. It is also possible to view human history in terms of the interaction of socioeconomic groups. Human history, according to this theory, is most clearly interpreted as the disappearance of class struggle. Most people who hold this theory assume an eventual resolution of the struggle through the disappearance of class differences, although it would be just as correct to assume that the struggle could continue unresolved. Those who assume that the struggle can eventually be resolved hold that history has a goal and that progress can be measured in terms of how quickly mankind is reaching that goal.
OK. This brings us to the end of today’s lecture. I hope now you can have a better understanding of what history is. Thank you for your attention.
选项
答案
socioeconomic
解析
空格处位于of和名词groups之间,推测应填入修饰groups的词,和上道题讲的同样内容,此处填入原文出现的socioeconomic。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/zRoK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
(1)Thepoundingrainbeganinthemiddleofthenight.ThepeopleofJackson,Ohioawoketothesoundthenwentbacktosleep.
TheoriesofHistoryI.Howmuchweknowabouthistory?A.【T1】______existforonlyafractionofman’stime【T1】______B.Theacc
ThePopularityofEnglishI.PresentstatusofEnglishAEnglishasanative/firstlanguageBEnglishasalinguafranca:alang
ThePopularityofEnglishI.PresentstatusofEnglishAEnglishasanative/firstlanguageBEnglishasalinguafranca:alang
FiveThingsforCollegeGraduatestoKnowI.Degreedoesnot【T1】______youtoajob【T1】______A.Yoursituationaftergraduatio
FiveThingsforCollegeGraduatestoKnowI.Degreedoesnot【T1】______youtoajob【T1】______A.Yoursituationaftergraduatio
A、Becausetherewerealotofchoicesforwomen.B、Becauseshehappenedtobeofferedthechance.C、Becausebeingalibrarianis
Technologiescollapsethedistancebetweenadesireanditsfulfillmentbyreducingeitherthetimeortheeffortinvolved.Thi
A、Shecan’tbearthequitelife.B、Sheenjoysbeingfollowedbyherfans.C、Shewantstobedistinctive.D、Shewishesthatshew
A、Shelostbothofherparents.B、Shewasill-treatedbyherstepmother.C、Shewasonthevergeofcollapseasamotherlesschil
随机试题
吸湿防潮法属于
初产妇,25岁。足月妊娠,合并风湿性心脏病,心功能Ⅰ级。检查枕左前位,胎心率正常,无头盆不称,决定经阴道分娩,其产程处理,下列哪项正确()
下列情形中,属于法律适用结果的是()。
分析企业融资活动的现金流时,主要是关注企业债务与所有者权益的增加或者减少以及股息分配等内容。( )
某上市公司为促进行业整合,增强与现有主营业务的协同效应,在其控制权不发生变更的情况下,拟向控股股东、实际控制人或者其控制的关联人之外的特定对象发行股份购买资产。根据证券法,下列表述正确的有()。
美国农业部的数据库里有常见食物的各种维生素含量。有人统计了各种食物在“生”和“熟”状态下的数据,剔除含水量变化的影响,得出了各种维生素经过加热之后的损失比例。虽然这些数据不一定非常准确,但是足够我们得到一个有意义的印象:维生素A和E受温度影响不大,食物加工
阅读下面的科技文,回答后面的问题。①在全球化浪潮中,事实已经证明,单靠美国的军事力量来统治全世界不但不可能成功,而且会激起更大的反抗和造成更多的人死亡。因此必须寻求另一种全球化,即一种多极均衡、文化多元共生、各民族和谐共处的全球化。②如
下列各项中,哪些是郭守敬的事迹?()①写成《梦溪笔谈》②算出一年的时长为365.2425天③编成《授时历》④主持全国范围内的天文测量
阅读以下说明,回答问题1~问题5,把答案填写到的对应栏内。[说明]DHCP(动态主机配置协议)是局域网中应用比较广的服务之一,它可大大简化IP地址的分配与管理,该公司原来采用手工分配IP地址,现要改用DHCP服务器自动分配IP地址,拟采
StudyHabitsIncollegeinanyclass,youwillfindwidelydifferenttypesofpeople,notonlyinpersonalitybutalsoinschola
最新回复
(
0
)