首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Some Theories of History I. The problems of understanding history History with written records: the records may be【T1】______
Some Theories of History I. The problems of understanding history History with written records: the records may be【T1】______
admin
2018-05-24
49
问题
Some Theories of History
I. The problems of understanding history
History with written records: the records may be【T1】______ and inaccurate.【T1】______
History before writing: we can only make a partial【T2】______.【T2】______
II. Some theories have been proposed to give【T3】______ to human history【T3】______
Theory 1
Man continually【T4】______ in terms of his potentials and【T4】______
his abilities to【T5】______ these potentials.【T5】______
Modern man is superior to his ancestors
【T6】______, physically and morally.【T6】______
A branch of the theory: man rose to a【T7】______ before.【T7】______
Theory 2
Man’s history is a【T8】______ of stages of development, whose pattern is【T8】______
the【T9】______ and fall of civilization.【T9】______
Whether modern man is superior to his ancestors depends on
what【T10】______ of civilization he is in.【T10】______
Theory 3
In this theory, the first two theories【T11】______ with each other.【T11】______
It is known as the【T12】______ of history.【T12】______
Theory 4
This theory views human history from the【T13】______【T13】______
of【T14】______ groups.【T14】______
Human history can be interpreted as the【T15】______ of class struggle.【T15】______
【T14】
Some Theories of History
Good morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, we are going to talk about some theories of history.
How much of man’s history do we know? We really know very little. Written records exist for only a fraction of what we suppose to have been man’s time as a unique species. Furthermore, the accuracy of these records is often suspected, and the scope and selection of significant detail in them often needs improvement.
It is worse when we try to reconstruct man’s history before the development of writing, and this is unfortunate because the history of the early development of human society is lost to us. The most that we can do is to use traces, deduction, speculation and the knowledge we have of the habits of those animals which have some elementary social order to help us make a partial reconstruction. This is hardly a satisfactory substitute for precise information.
With our knowledge of human history, which is only fragmentary at best, it is therefore nearly impossible to reconstruct the beginning, and to deduce the end, of the story of man. Thus, there have developed many schools of thought on the subject, each of which attempts to give coherence to the human past by fitting it into the framework of a theory of history.
The first theory I want to introduce is assumed that man continually progress. He has evolved from a lower to a higher form of being, and he continues to evolve. This evolution takes place both in terms of his potentials and his abilities to actualize these potentials.
If one holds this theory, one feels that modern man must be more intelligent and civilized today than his ancestors, as well as physically and morally superior to them. One further assumes that this progress will continue into an ever more glorious future. Here deduction often ends and dreams of Utopia begin, for it seems that most of us find it hard to think of the human race developing into a race of angels. All in all, as a theory of history, the above view has had many eminent supporters.
It might be well to mention here a variation on this theory that used to be popular, namely the idea that man rose from a low condition to a Golden Age at some time in the remote past, and that things have gone straight downhill ever since. Many eminent men have found a sort of gloomy comfort in this idea, but science has now opened up possibilities for the future which makes this theory less defendable. Perhaps for this reason the theory has little modern support.
A second theory of history is held by those men who see man’s history as something quite different from a simple progression from a lower to a higher state. They see it as a cycle of stages of development which are predictable in their broad outlines and main features. As surely as a civilization rises and comes into being, so also must it decline and fall. The chief pattern one sees in history is the rise and fall of civilization.
To holders of this theory, modern man is not looked upon as the most superior social being yet produced. He is simply the typical product of the current stage in the cycle of our civilization. In fact he may actually be inferior to members of past civilizations. It all depends upon what stage of civilization we happen to be living in. Indeed, it has been said that the average modern literate city dweller is comparatively more ignorant of his era’s fund of knowledge than other literate city dwellers of the past While the staggering fund of knowledge in our technologically advanced world is undoubtedly greater than that of any past civilization, it is probably true that the average modern man, relying on such repetitive forms of entertainment as television and working in a narrowly specialized job, knows a great deal less sheer information about his world than did earlier people.
In a third theory of history, the two above theories are to some degree reconciled. According to this theory, which is often termed the spiral view of history, human societies do repeat a cycle of stages, but overall progress observable in the long historical perspective. Civilizations do rise and fall, as the advocates of the second theory maintain, but the new civilization which replaces the first, usually by conquest, contains superior qualities which enable it to rise to a higher stage of development until it, too, declines and is replaced by yet a third civilization.
The above theories interpret history in term as if the overall progress of mankind in general without respect to differentiations within the social order. It is also possible to view human history in terms of the interaction of socioeconomic groups. Human history, according to this theory, is most clearly interpreted as the disappearance of class struggle. Most people who hold this theory assume an eventual resolution of the struggle through the disappearance of class differences, although it would be just as correct to assume that the struggle could continue unresolved. Those who assume that the struggle can eventually be resolved hold that history has a goal and that progress can be measured in terms of how quickly mankind is reaching that goal.
OK. This brings us to the end of today’s lecture. I hope now you can have a better understanding of what history is. Thank you for your attention.
选项
答案
socioeconomic
解析
空格处位于of和名词groups之间,推测应填入修饰groups的词,和上道题讲的同样内容,此处填入原文出现的socioeconomic。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/zRoK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
(1)Thepoundingrainbeganinthemiddleofthenight.ThepeopleofJackson,Ohioawoketothesoundthenwentbacktosleep.
A、Askingasfewquestionsaspossible.B、Beingconfidenttotakecharge.C、Stressingyourqualificationandeducationbackground
HowInterpretersWork?I.UnderstandingA.Aboutwordsandexpressions—【T1】______wordsmaybeleftout:【T1】______—Ifnotkno
Humanityusesalittlelessthanhalfthewateravailableworldwide.Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughtsarecausing
Arapidmeansoflong-distancetransportationbecameanecessityfortheUnitedStatesassettlementspreadfartherwestward.F
A、Becausehehimselfsufferedmuchwhenheenteredtheuniversity.B、Becausehehasenoughexperienceinorganizingsuchaproje
ThePopularityofEnglishI.PresentstatusofEnglishAEnglishasanative/firstlanguageBEnglishasalinguafranca:alang
A、Itisaveryexpensiveprivateschool.B、Itisasupercompetitiveuniversity.C、Ithasastrongacademicatmosphere.D、Ithas
A、Theteachersjustgavelecturesandaskedstudentstoreadbooks.B、Theteacherswereexcellentandtheyhadaspecialteachin
A、Toprovidesomefinepictures.B、Tokeepitconcreteanddetailed.C、Tousehighlightsanditalicsinformat.D、Tocustomizei
随机试题
在空调运行期间,在保证卫生条件基础上哪种新风量调节措施不当?[2004年第90题]
我曾经有一个坏习惯:不是在晚饭后坐在沙发上看手机,就是睡觉前躺在床上看手机——打开微信,将当天的朋友圈从头看到尾,一直刷到没有新动态为止;打开微博,看看谁因为什么又上了热搜榜;打开头条,看看它推送给我的星座分析……结果可想而知,时间轻松被刷没,除了一堆无用
向用油酸钠为乳化剂制备的O/W型乳剂中,加入大量氯化钙后,乳剂可出现
患者,男性,27岁,劳累时心悸,胸骨后疼痛1年。查体可闻及主动脉瓣区收缩期粗糙的喷射性杂音,主动脉瓣区第二心音减弱。X线检查示:左室扩大和升主动脉扩张。可能的诊断是
案情:甲与乙签订房屋租赁合同,乙为承租人,租期4年,甲每年向乙收取租金3万元。合同成立后,乙未经甲允许将房屋进行一翻装修,共计花费1万元。1年后乙未经甲同意擅自将房屋转租给丙,租金4万元。此后半年甲得知后找到乙问明情况后便不再过问。第2年,乙因经济状况拖欠
凭证录入的辅助功能包括了()。
“我们探索教育目的时,并不是要到教育过程以外去寻找一个目的,使教育服从这个目的。”这句话反映的观点是()。
Haveyoueverbeenannoyedwithyourselfwhenyou【C1】______somethingimportant?Maybeyouthinkyouhaveabadmemory.Doyoukn
当一只鱼鹰捕捉到一条白鲢、一条草鱼或一条鲤鱼而飞离水面时,往往会有许多鱼鹰几乎同时跟着飞聚到这一水面捕食。但是,当一只鱼鹰捕捉到的是一条鲶鱼时,这种情况却很少出现。以下哪项如果正确,最能合理地解释上述现象?
LivingAloneIsJoyfulMoreandmoreAmericansarelivingalone.Somelivealonebecauseofdivorceorthedeathofapartne
最新回复
(
0
)