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  3. Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists than by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and conce

Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists than by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and conce

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问题     Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists than by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and concerned local residents, for instance, might immediately suspect environmental radiation as the culprit when a high incidence of cancer cases occurs near a nuclear facility. Epidemiologists, in contrast, would be more likely to say that the incidences were "inconclusive" or the result of pure chance. And when a breast cancer survivor, Lorraine Pace, mapped 20 breast cancer cases occurring in her West Islip, Long Island, community,  her rudimentary research efforts were guided more by hope--that a specific environmental agent could be correlated with the cancers than by scientific method.
    When epidemiologists study clusters of cancer cases and other noncontagious conditions such as birth defects or miscarriage, they take several variables into account, such as background rate (the number of people affected in the general population), cluster size, and specificity (any notable characteristics of the individual affected in each case). If a cluster is both large and specific, it is easier for epidemiologists to assign blame. Not only must each variable he considered on its own, but it must also be combined with others. Lung cancer is very common in the general population. Yet when a huge number of cases turned up among World War Ⅱ shipbuilders who had all worked with asbestos, the size of the duster and the fact that the men had had similar occupational asbestos exposures enabled epidemiologists to assign blame to the fibrous mineral.
    Although several known carcinogens have been discovered through these kinds of occupational or medical clusters, only one community cancer cluster has ever been traced to an environmental cause. Health officials often discount a community’s suspicion of a common environmental cause because citizens tend to include cases that were diagnosed before the afflicted individuals moved into the neighborhood. Add to this the problem of cancer’s latency. Unlike an infectious disease such as cholera, which is caused by a recent exposure to food or water contaminated with the cholera bacterium, cancer may have its roots in an exposure that occurred 10 to 20 years earlier.
    Do all these caveats mean that the hard work of Lorraine Pace and other community activists is for nothing? Not necessarily. Together with many other reports of breast cancer clusters on Long Island, the West Islip situation highlighted by Pace has helped epidemiologists lay the groundwork for a well designed scientific study.  
The "hope" mentioned in Paragraph 1 refers specifically to Pace’s desire to ______.
选项 A、help reduce the incidence of breast cancer in future generations
B、improve her chances of surviving breast cancer
C、determine the cause responsible for her own breast cancer case
D、identify a particular cause for the breast cancer cases in West Islip
答案D
解析 从第一段最后一句我们了解到，Pace是乳腺癌的幸存者，她记录了20例发生在她居住的West Islip的乳腺癌病历，她做这项调查的基本原则不是受科学研究方法的指导，而是希望发现：某个特定的环境因素与乳腺癌有关，换言之，West Islip可能存在着导致乳腺癌发病的环境因素。
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