首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gust
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gust
admin
2010-02-20
57
问题
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung.
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some would say, of modern psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud’s theory is that human behavior is determined primarily by unconscious motives. These unconscious motives can be discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out problems with the patient. Freud’s theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior: structural, dynamic, and ’developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the repository(资源) of one’s instinctual needs and drives. Freud posed that it consisted of everything psychological that was inherited.
The ego is the rational aspect of the personality. It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be Satisfied according to the conditions of the environment. The superego is the conscience, the ethical(伦理的) or moral aspect of personality. It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born. The superego strives for the ideal. The "con science" part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated. The "ego-ideal" part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group.
Freud’s dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and anxiety. Generally, we term behavior as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud’s "instinct" differed in that it refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by "wish" and "need". Libido is descriptive of one’s emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables life "instincts" to perform their work and is derived from primitive biological urges--for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed. Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event. Freud’s developmental concepts included identification,’ displacement, defense mechanisms, and psycho sexual stages. Identification labels the behavior of an individual who imitates another person or group ( movie star, gangster, etc. ). Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects. Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence: oral (breast-sucking babyhood), anal (toilet-training period), phallic ( 36 years development of sexual feelings) , latancy ( intermediate stage between phallic and beginning of puberty(青春期) ,and genital( formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism(自我陶醉).
Freud’s two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud’s theorizing. Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests. Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for hu man behavior. He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence of the ancestral past in such things as magic, power, and hero worship.
Jung and Adler differed most with Freud over ______.
选项
A、what primarily motivates human behavior
B、whether dreams can interpret human behavior
C、how hypnosis is used in psychoanalysis
D、what medicine can cure neurosis
答案
A
解析
在文章的最后一段中提到了这两个人与 Freud存在着分歧,即...also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for human behavior.由此可见,答案A符合题意。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/zivO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
WoodrowWilsonwasreferringtotheliberalideaoftheeconomicmarketwhenhesaidthatthefreeenterprisesystemisthemost
Somepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogetherthey
A、Thegrowingcrisisofinadequateretirementpensionsforthefuture.B、Theproblemofprovidingadequatemedicalcareforthe
Theautomobile,alongwithahouseandagarden,is【C1】______oftheAmericanDream.The【C2】______had1.8vehicles;eachvehic
A、Beforetheirarrival,theearlysettlersdidnotknowhowtoplantthecorn.B、ThePilgrimsgotoverdifficultieswithoutany
中医是中国文化不可分割的一部分,为振兴中华做出了巨大的贡献。如今,中医和西医在中国的医疗保健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料,备受世界瞩目。用西医的毒性和化学疗法治疗症会引起副作用,中医疗法却公认能显著地化解这副作用。
Acasualemployeeisonewhoisengagedandpaidbyagreementbetweentheemployerandtheemployee.There’sathree-hourminimu
A、Supplyofnative-bornscientistsandengineersexceededthedemand.B、Scientistsandengineersinothercountrieshavespecial
A、Itissmallandlight.B、Itsenginerunsonwater.C、Itruns80milesperhour.D、Itscolorsarevaried.A
A、Toregulatebreath.B、Tocontrolbrainseizures.C、Topreventheartdisease.D、Torelievetension.D
随机试题
对于因民间纠纷引起的下列案件,情节较轻,公安机关可以调解处理的是()。
关于大面积烧伤休克期输液,下列哪些是正确的
A.清热除湿,解毒杀虫B.滋补肝肾,调经止带C.调补肝肾,滋阴降火D.泻肝清热,除湿止痒E.健脾益气,升阳除湿
相邻图幅之间的接边要素图上位置相差()以内的,应将图幅两边要素平均移位进行接边。
建设工程纠纷发生后,双方当事人根据合同约定发生纠纷可以仲裁,其仲裁的特点是()。
项目微观背景分析不包括()
借款人的借款资格中,除国务院规定外,有限责任公司和股份有限公司对外股本权益性投资累计未超过其净资产总额的()。
10月5日,甲向乙借款1000元,同时签订了一份质押合同,约定甲于10月8日将一头母牛作为质物交付给乙,甲如期交付。12月6日,母牛生下小牛一头。根据物权法律制度的规定,下列表述中,正确的有()。
下列组织可以作为一个会计主体进行会计核算的有()。
下列犯罪行为中,属于纯正不作为犯的是()。(2009年单选4)
最新回复
(
0
)