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  3. From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put

From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put

admin2020-11-04  49
问题    From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put our trust in those we do not know. Now researchers have revealed that strangers are more likely to be trusted if they look like someone who has earned your trust before—and more likely to be distrusted if they resemble someone who has betrayed your faith in them.
   While previous research has shown how people can learn whether others are trustworthy over time, the team say it was unclear how an initial judgment is made about whether to trust or cooperate with someone. "What we wanted to figure out was what happens when you come across somebody for the first time," said Dr. Oriel FeldmanHall, co-author of the research and a social neuroscientist from Brown University.
   A team of researchers in the US reveal how they asked 29 participants to either keep $10 or invest all— or part—of it with one of three men they did not know but whose photographs they were shown. The team then carried out a second experiment in which participants were asked to pick a partner for a new game: either a player whose face they couldn’t see, or a player whose face they were shown in a photograph.
   The results reveal that the more a possible player looked like the trusted individual from the previous game, the more likely participants were to select them as their partner for the next task, while an even stronger negative effect was found for those who resembled the untrustworthy man in the initial game. Just over 68% of participants turned down the pictured player if he bore any resemblance to the untrustworthy man.
   FeldmanHall noted the findings are similar to the seminal (开创性的) experiments in which Russian scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov’s dogs learned to associate the sound of a certain bell with food. "If Pavlov would ring a similar type of bell, the dog would also salivate—it would just salivate a little bit less," said FeldmanHall.
   The team then carried out the same experiments with 28 new participants, while fMRI brain scanning took place. Among their findings, the team discovered that as the image of the potential candidate was tweaked to look more like the untrustworthy player of the initial game, activity in the amygdala (杏仁体) — an area of the brain linked to processing threat—became stronger.
   Antonio Espin, a behavioural economist from Middlesex University, London, said the study’s implications could be wide-ranging. "Interestingly, since the main reason for facial similarity is shared genes, the study not only advances our understanding of why we trust or distrust specific strangers but also has broader implications, for example, for ethnic or racial discrimination and in the evolutionary arena of partner selection. "
According to the researchers, what could be the prominent feature of the new study?
选项 A、It revealed the time needed to win trust.
B、It focused on the very initial establishment of trust.
C、It noticed participants’ response to stimulation.
D、It made a novel design for the experiment procedure.
答案B
解析 推理判断题。本题考查新研究的突出特点。定位段通过将新研究与以往的研究进行比较，说明其特点。作者指出，以往的研究表明了人们是如何通过一段时间的了解确定其他人是否可信，但研究小组称，对于是否信任某个人并与之合作的最初判断是如何做出的，这一点尚不明确。由此推断，新研究的研究对象是陌生人，主要研究信任最初建立的基础，故答案为B)。A)“它揭示了赢得信任所需的时间”，根据原文，这与以往研究有关，不是新研究的特点，故排除；C)“它注意到参与者对刺激的反应”和D)“它对实验步骤进行了创新设计”在定位段中都没有提及，故排除。
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