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Has a Runaway Greenhouse Effect Begun? (Adapted)

admin2012-11-30  5
问题                Has a Runaway Greenhouse Effect Begun? (Adapted)
                                                                                By Norm Dixon
Urgent Action for Governments
    In recent weeks, scientists have released two separate findings that indicate the consequences of global warming due to the emission of "greenhouse gases"  primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) from the industrial burning of fossil fuels  may be far greater than previously estimated.
    The new findings stress the need for governments around the world, in particular the industrialized First World countries that are responsible for more than 80% of past emissions and 75% currently, to take urgent action to massively reduce the world’s industrial greenhouse gas emissions by 60-80%.
    Rajendra Pachauri, chairperson of the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which pools the expertise of more than 2,000 of the world’s climate scientists, warned on October 25 that the greenhouse gas emission reduction targets established in the 1997 Kyoto agreement do not go far enough and far more radical solutions must be found.
    Pachauri welcomed the Russian parliament’s October 22 approval of the Kyoto agreement, which will allow the treaty to come into legal force despite the refusal by the world’s major polluter, the United States, to sign. However, "this mustn’t deceive us into thinking that the problem is solved", Pachauri told Reuters(路透社). "Kyoto is not enough. We have to look at the problem afresh. "The Kyoto treaty aims for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of around 5% of 1990 levels, far short o{ the 60-800/oo over the next 50 years necessary to arrest global warming.
CO2 Accumulation Increasing
    The new evidence on the pace of global warming suggests that world governments may have even less time to act than previously estimated. The October 11 British Guardian(英国卫报) reported that CO2 in the atmosphere is at record levels and increasing at an accelerating rate, while the September 23 edition of Science revealed that glaciers in western Antarctica flowing into the sea are speeding up, indicating an increased level of melting.
    The scientists who make up the IPCC estimate that unless levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are stabilized by mid-century, Earth’s average temperature will rise by up to 5.8~C by 2100. According to the IPCC figures, if unchecked, CO2 levels in the air will be between 650 and 970 parts per million (ppm). However, these estimates may be too conservative.
    According to the October 11 Guardian, measurements of average atmospheric CO2 levels in 2002 and 2003 may confirm that the rate of CO2 accumulation is now increasing at an alarming rate. Scientists at Hawaii’s Mauna Loa Observatory(气象台) reported that average CO2 levels increased by 2.08 ppm in 2002, to 373.1 ppm, and in 2003, to an average of 375.64 ppm. This is the first recorded example of the average CO2 level jumping more than 2 ppm in two successive years. The average increase in the CO2 level over the last few decades, reports the Guardian, has been 1.5 ppm. The current level of CO2 is the highest in at least 420,000 years!
    Associated Press (美联社) reported earlier this year, on March 20, that scientists at Mauna Loa Observatory had recorded the CO2 level in the atmosphere peaking at a record of 379 ppm, compared to 376 ppm a year earlier and 373 ppm in 2002.
Global Warming
    The increase has implied a "runaway" greenhouse effect already underway. Previous increases of CO2 levels of above 2 ppm—1973, 1988, 1994 and 1998—have coincided with the El Nino(厄尔尼诺现象) weather pattern in the Pacific. However, this cannot explain the latest rises.
    Weather scientist Charles Keeling, who began measuring atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa in 1958, told the Guardian that "it is possible that this is merely a reflection of natural events like previous peaks in the rate, but it is also possible that it is the beginning of a natural process unprecedented in the record... The rise could be a weakening of the Earth’s carbon sinks, associated with world warming, as part of a climate change feedback mechanism. It is cause for concern."
    Piers Forster, senior research fellow at the University of Reading’s department of meteorology, added that "if this is a rate change.., it will be of enormous concern, because it will imply that all our global warming predictions for the hundred years or so will have to be redone".
    Friends of the Earth’s Scotland head Duncan McLaren, speaking to Agence France Press(法新社) on October 11, demanded action to achieve the 60-80% reductions in industrial greenhouse gas emissions required within 30 years: "Instead of just keeping our fingers crossed, these findings should send an urgent reminder to governments everywhere of the urgent need to tackle the growing threat of climate change."
The Rise of Sea Level
    Predictions about the rate of CO2 accumulating in the atmosphere might not be the only estimates that have to be revised. Based on the IPCC’s present forecasts, global warming triggered by unchecked greenhouse gas emissions will cause a sea level rise of between 20 centimeters and almost 1 meter by the end of the century. However, the IPCC’s prediction is based on an assumption that the polar ice caps will not melt significantly.
Glaciers into Oceans
    However, according to the September 23 journal Science, NASA researchers have found that six vast glaciers in the west Antarctic are flowing into the Amundsen Sea at a rate up to 25% faster than in the 1970s. The Pine Island Glacier is entering the ocean at a rate of six meters a day and as more enters the sea, the remainder speeds up further. Glaciologists(冰河学家) told Science that within five years, 700 square kilometers of the thick Pine Island Glacier alone will be floating (and melting) in the ocean.
    According to Eric Rignot, a glaciologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (喷气推进实验定),
should the six glaciers completely melt, they alone will cause the world’s sea level to rise by more than a meter. Researchers using ice-penetrating radar also found that the glaciers are on average 430 meters thicker than previously thought, meaning they are dumping considerably more fresh water into the ocean.
    One reason why Antarctic glaciers are entering the sea at a much faster rate is because floating 500- metre ice shelves, which significantly slow the entry of the glaciers into the sea, have begun to collapse and melt. Antarctica has warmed by an average 2.5℃ since the 1940s, and winter temperatures have jumped by almost 5 ℃.
    The Larsen A ice shelf suddenly collapsed in 1995. The Wilkins Ice Shelf is shrinking. In 2002, the 3400-square kilometer Larsen B shelf—at least 12,000 years old and up to 70 stories thick—disintegrated into the Weddell Sea in the space of a few months.
    The break of monster icebergs is now common. Ted Scamhos, an expert from the University of Colorado’s National Snow and Ice Centre, found that after Larsen B’s collapse, nearby glaciers began entering the sea up to eight times faster than previously.
    According to NASA’s Robert Thomas, the ice shelves are melting rapidly and have been thinning at the rate of 10 to 15 metres a year since the 1990s. The rate of thinning today is double that in the 1990s, he added.
    The Larsen and Wilkins ice shelves are relatively insignificant in Antarctic terms, but their decrease may indicate that similar processes may be underway on the massive Ross and the Filchner-Ronne ice shelves. "Ice-shelf thinning could be happening elsewhere in the Antarctic, but we just don’t know", Scambos told Science.
    The Ross and the Filchner Ronne ice shelves prevent the gigantic land-based Western Antarctic Ice Sheet from rapidly entering the ocean and melting. The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet, the smaller of Antarctica’s two vast ice sheets, contains an incredible 3.2 million cubic kilometers of ice, about 10% of the worlds total ice  enough to raise the sea level six meters. (If the more secure Eastern Antarctic Ice Sheet melted, the sea would rise more than 60 meters! )
    Within the western sheet are five ice streams  enormous glaciers more than 50 kilometers wide and one kilometer thick. The Ross Ice Shelf—floating ice nearly the size of New South Wales--and the similarly sized Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf prevent them sliding into the sea where they would rapidly melt.
    The West Antarctic Ice Sheet may have melted at least once before, between 110,000 and 130,000 years ago, causing the sea level to rise about five meters higher than today’s lev61. An article in the August 1995 Scientific American pointed out that the five-meter rise was followed by a 10-metre decrease—all in the space of 100 or so years!
    The May 2002 edition of Science reported that researchers from the Oregon State University, the University of Toronto and the University of Durham in Britain had found that a massive and unusually abrupt 23-metre rise in the sea level about 14,200 years ago was caused by the partial collapse of both major ice sheets in Antarctica. The sea level took just 500 years to reach that height.
Kyoto agreement is accepted by most of the world’s major polluters of countries.
选项 A、Y
B、N
C、NG
答案B
解析 细节题。从文章的第一个小标题的第四段"which will allow the treaty to come into legal force despite the refusal by the world’s major polluter，the United States，to sign"可以知道，美国作为最大的污染排放国，拒绝承认京都协议。选项与文章矛盾。
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