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  3. "Fight-or-flight" behavior has long been considered the typical way we respond to stress. But psychologists at the University of

"Fight-or-flight" behavior has long been considered the typical way we respond to stress. But psychologists at the University of

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问题     "Fight-or-flight" behavior has long been considered the typical way we respond to stress. But psychologists at the University of California, Los Angeles say that women have more in their stress-response arsenal than just aggression or escape.
    According to research led by Dr. Shelley E. Taylor and Dr. Laura C. Klein(now at Pennsylvania State University), females under "attack" are less likely to fight or flee and more apt to attempt to protect their children and seek help from others, particularly other females. The researchers call this pattern of behavior "tend-and-befriend," and they suggest an evolutionary explanation for the difference.
    The UCLA scientists analyzed hundreds of biological and behavioral studies of both animals and humans. For example, they looked at research showing that crowding heightens stress among male rats but tends to calm female rats. One study found that fathers often wanted to be left alone when they got home from work. And if they had been under stress during the day, they were more likely to incite conflict in the family. Women who held jobs outside the home, however, were more likely to cope with a tough day at work by concentrating on their children.
    The authors believe that hormones are one reason for the difference, especially sex hormones and the pituitary hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin, which induces relaxation and lowers anxiety, is produced at a high level in nursing mothers. It’s also released in response to stress by both males and females—but its effects are enhanced by female hormones and reduced by male hormones. In contrast, the fight-or-flight response activates the nervous system and causes the secretion of the stress hormones adrenaline and Cortisol. Both sexes release these hormones under stress, but men also release testosterone, which tends to increase hostility and aggression.
    Because female aggression is less closely linked to nervous system arousal, the authors suggest, it’s more easily moderated by learning and culture, although they don’t deny that women’s social networks can also produce stress and conflict. Nor are they saying that men cannot tend and befriend under stress—only that they do so less easily and less often.
    Taylor and her colleagues think the tend-and-befriend response has been ignored largely because researchers studying stress have concentrated until recently only on men. The UCLA scientists are now conducting studies on oxytocin and stress.
The difference of stress-response behaviors between men and women is partially caused by
选项 A、the nature of both sexes
B、the different social networks
C、the secretion of certain hormones
D、the connection to nervous system
答案C
解析 属事实细节题。选项A属于无中生有，文章并未提及两种性别的天生差异，故错误。选项B和选项D属于无关干扰，将文中提及的内容设置成选项，其实与题目无关，故错误。题目的答案可以在第四段第一句中找到，这种不同的一部分原因就是荷尔蒙，故选项C符合题意。
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