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  3. In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 — 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 — 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G

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问题 In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 — 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.
    As the world becomes increasingly complex and interconnected, some of our biggest challenges have begun to seem intractable. What should we do about uncertainty in the financial markets? How can we predict energy supply and demand? How do we cope with rapid urbanization? Our traditional approaches to these problems are often qualitative and disjointed and lead to unintended consequences. To bring scientific rigor to the challenges of our time, we need to develop a deeper understanding of complexity itself.     【R1】______. It can be prone to sudden and seemingly unpredictable changes. One or more
trends can reinforce other trends in a "positive feedback loop" until things swiftly spiral out of control and cross a tipping point, beyond which behavior changes radically.
    What makes a "complex system" so troublesome is that its collective characteristics cannot easily be predicted from underlying components. 【R2】______. This quality, called emergent behavior, is characteristic of economies, financial markets,urban communities, organisms, and the health care system.
    The digital revolution is driving much of the increasing complexity and pace of life we are now seeing, but this technology also presents an opportunity. The ubiquity of cell phones and electronic transactions, and the concept of the electronically wired "smart city" are already providing us with enormous a-mounts of data. 【R3】______.
    The trouble is, we don’t have a unified, conceptual framework for addressing questions of complexity. 【R4】______.
    When the industrial age focused society’s attention on energy in its many manifestations—steam, chemical, mechanical, and so on—the universal laws of thermodynamics came as a response. We now need to ask if our age can produce universal laws of complexity that integrate energy with information.【R5】______ A comprehensive predictive, mathematical framework for complex systems would, in principle, incorporate the dynamics and organization of any complex system in a quantitative, computable framework.
    We will probably never make detailed predictions of complex systems, but coarse-grained descriptions that lead to quantitative predictions for essential features are within our grasp. The field is in the midst of a broad synthesis of scientific disciplines, helping reverse the trend toward fragmentation and specialization, and is working toward a more unified, comprehensive framework for tackling society’s big questions. The future of the human enterprise may well depend on it.
[A]We don’t know what kind of data we need, nor how much, or what critical questions we should be asking. "Big data" without a "big theory" to go with it loses much of its potency and usefulness, potentially generating new unintended consequences.
[B]Due to the strong coupling between components in complex systems, a failure in one or more components can lead to cascading failures which may have catastrophic consequences on the functioning of the system.
[C]With new computational tools and techniques to digest vast, interrelated databases, researchers and practitioners in science, technology, business and government have begun to bring large-scale simulations and models to bear on questions formerly out of reach of quantitative analysis.
[D]The whole is greater than, and often significantly different from, the sum of its parts. A city is much more than its buildings and people. Our bodies are more than the totality of our cells.
[E]The components of a complex system may themselves be complex systems. For example, an economy is made up of organisations, which are made up of people, which are made up of cells—all of which are complex systems.
[F]what does this mean? Complexity comes into play when there are many parts that can interact in many different ways so that the whole takes on a life of its own: it adapts and evolves in response to changing conditions.
[G]A comprehensive predictive, mathematical framework for complex systems would, in principle, incorporate the dynamics and organization of any complex system in a quantitative, computable framework.
【R3】
选项
答案C
解析 第四段首句指出，数字革命在导致复杂性不断增加的同时，也带来了机遇。这意味着，下文将围绕“数字技术带来的机遇”展开论述。第二句随即以手机、电子交易等为例对首句进行例证。然而，该句只提到手机等设备为我们提供了巨量数据，却没有说明这些数据究竟为人类带来了怎样的机遇。选项[C]补全了这一信息：有了新的计算工具和技术来处理复杂的数据库，研究者们已开始解决过去无力解决的问题。该选项与其上文构成一个完整的意群，对首句内容进行了具体阐述。其中，vast，interrelated databases回指上文enormous amounts of data；new computationaI tools andtechniques对应首句中this(digital)technology；to bear on questions formerly out of reach of quantitativeanalysis即是新技术带来的opportunity。
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