首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
There is, writes Daniele Fanelli in a recent issue of Nature, something rotten in the state of scientific research—"an epidemic
There is, writes Daniele Fanelli in a recent issue of Nature, something rotten in the state of scientific research—"an epidemic
admin
2017-02-13
24
问题
There is, writes Daniele Fanelli in a recent issue of Nature, something rotten in the state of scientific research—"an epidemic of false, biased, and falsified findings" where "only the most egregious cases of misconduct are discovered and punished." Fanelli is a leading thinker in an increasingly alarming field of scientific research: one that seeks to find out why it is that so much scientific research turns out to be wrong.
For a long time the focus has either been on industry funding as a source of bias, particularly in drug research, or on those who deliberately commit fraud, such as the spectacular case of Diederik Stapel, a Dutch social psychologist who was found to have fabricated at least 55 research papers over 20 years. But an increasing number of studies have shown that flawed research is a much wider phenomenon, especially in the biomedical sciences. Indeed, the investigation into Stapel also blamed a "sloppy" research culture that often ignored inconvenient data and misunderstood important statistical methods.
"There’s little question that the [scientific] literature is awash(充斥着)in false findings—findings that if you try to replicate you’ll probably never succeed or at least find them to be different from what was initially said," says Fanelli. "But people don’t appreciate that this is not because scientists are manipulating these results, consciously or unconsciously; it’s largely because we have a system that favors statistical flukes (侥幸) instead of replicable findings. "
This is why, he says, we need to extend the idea of academic misconduct (currently limited to fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism) to "distorted reporting"—the failure to communicate all the information someone would need to validate your findings. Right now, he says, we’re missing all the "unconscious biases, the systemic biases... the practices, mistakes, and problems that hardly ever count as cheating, even though they have a very important—and probably the largest—effect on creating technically false results in the literature. "
One particularly challenging bias is that academic journals tend to publish only positive results. As Isabelle Boutron, a professor of epidemiology at Ren6 Descartes University in Paris, points out, studies have shown that peer reviewers are influenced by trial results; one study showed that they not only favored a paper showing a positive effect over a near-identical paper showing no effect, they also gave the positive paper higher scores for its scientific methods. And Boutron has herself found extensive evidence of scientists spinning their findings to claim benefits that their actual results didn’t quite support.
"We need a major cultural change," says Fanelli. "But when you think that, even 20 years ago, these issues were practically never discussed, I think we’re making considerable progress."
The example of Diederik Stapel is used to________.
选项
A、prove the severe phenomenon of academic misconduct
B、call for relevant punishment
C、show that it is easy to commit academic fraud in social psychology
D、prove that the professor is unworthy of the title
答案
A
解析
细节题。根据题干中Diederik Stapel锁定文章第二段。文章以戴德里克·斯塔佩尔大案为例,通过具体数据证明研究论文造假现象的猖獗。B、C、D都不符合题意,故答案选A。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/2Ji7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
Childrenwhosemindswandermighthavesharperbrains,researchsuggests.Astudyhasfoundthatpeoplewho【B1】______constantlyd
Childrenwhosemindswandermighthavesharperbrains,researchsuggests.Astudyhasfoundthatpeoplewho【B1】______constantlyd
Babyfatissomethingchildrenaresupposedtooutgrow,notgrowinto.Thepercentageofoverweightchildrenhasmorethantrip
Thisiswhatpeopletalkaboutwhentheytalkaboutthefuture.Theytalkaboutthepast.Theytalkaboutits【B1】______andplea
Thepopularassumptionthatwomen’spowersofintuitionexceedthoseofmenhasbeenoverturnedbyanewstudy.Psychologistswh
A、It’sdull.B、It’sfun.C、It’ssimple.D、It’scomplicated.C比较句型要反应快,本题关键在于听清lesscomplicated,即simple,故选C。
Boy,tourismreallyisabigbusinessthesedays.It’samazingItinvolveshotels,【B1】______,restaurants,shops,andthousands
ANiceCupofTeaTheLegendaryOriginsofTeaA)ThestoryofteabeganinancientChinaover5,000yearsago.Accordingto
Nexttimeyouenterausernameandpassword,thinkabouttherhythmofyourtyping.Notonlycanitbeusedtoidentifyyou,it
A、Thedangeroustwistsandturnsalongthecourse.B、ThechangeableweatherinasingledayinNorthGermany.C、Thepreparation
随机试题
DNA聚合酶工具有
手术切除动物肾上腺皮质后血中ACTH浓度升高,说明糖皮质激素对腺垂体促激素分泌具有下列哪一种调控作用
克隆病的病变主要累及
下列哪一项不是人参的功效
在当前的图书销售市场上,正版图书的销售情况始终不佳,盗版图书却屡禁不止,销售异常火爆,有人认为这主要是盗版图书的价格更有市场优势,因此,大多数消费者在选择图书的时候会选择盗版,下列哪项是上述论断中的隐含假设:
或者所有客人尽情玩乐,或者有些客人隐藏他们的真实感受,没有坦率的人会隐藏他们的真实感受,所有客人都是坦率的人。可见()。
A、 B、 C、 D、 B数据的逻辑结构是数据间关系的描述,它只抽象地反映数据元素之间的逻辑关系,而不管其在计算机中存储方式。数据的存储结构是数据逻辑结构在计算机存储器里的体现。数据的逻辑结构分为线性结构和非
下列关于主板分类方法中,正确的是()。
ThatcoldJanuarynight,IwasgrowingsickofmylifeinSanFrancisco.ThereIwaswalkinghomeatoneinthemorningafter
Themostimportanttechnologicaleventofourtimeistheriseofthecomputer.Computersalready【B1】______manyaspectsofour
最新回复
(
0
)