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  3. "Gender", as the World Health Organization defines it, "is used to describe those characteristics of women and men, which are so

"Gender", as the World Health Organization defines it, "is used to describe those characteristics of women and men, which are so

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问题     "Gender", as the World Health Organization defines it, "is used to describe those characteristics of women and men, which are socially constructed, while sex refers to those which are biologically determined. People are born female or male but learn to be girls and boys who grow into women and men. This learned behavior makes up gender identity and determines gender roles" (WHO,2002, "Annex", PI). While it seems simple and common sense to say that gender is a cultural construct and sex is biological make-up, much complex the-orization is involved when consideration is given to the fact that the knowledge about sex is also based on a cultural construct, and may be biased. If both knowledge of sex and gender are culturally constructed, then what people learn about their sex is subject to the discursive function of gender-related knowledge. Since it is society that produces knowledge about gender, learning about gender can be regarded as learning the culturally constructed knowledge about gender, and learning about one’ s gender is learning to define oneself according to a community’s rules and expectations of gender behavior. In the Foucauldian sense, gendering oneself is disciplining oneself. It is in the process of socialization that gender identity is acquired. Although gender identity is acquired, it is not entirely socially constructed, as it has to be an effect of ego development in its relation to the love-object. In Freud’s argument, gender identity does not come with birth, but is required upon the emergence of the ego. In such a notion, gender identity is formed as a result of the ego’s development, which is based on its interaction with the so-called "love-object". In Freud’ s theory, a boy would have his mother as the love-object and therefore will become feminine. A boy concept in Freud’s theory is that human beings are given by their sexual instinct and therefore the inclination towards the love-object is natural and it comes with birth.
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答案 “性别”，根据世界卫生组织的定义，“是用来描述那些社会建构的男女的特征，而性是指由生理决定的特征。人出生时是女性或男性，学着长大为女孩和男孩，最后成长为女人和男人。这种习得行为构成了性别认同，并决定了性别角色”(世卫组织，2002年，“附录”，第一页)。如果说性别是文化建构，性是生理构成，这似乎是简单的常识，但当考虑到有关性的知识也是基于文化建构的这一事实，并且有可能存在偏见时，就会涉及许多复杂的理论。如果性和性别的知识都是文化建构的，那么人们对自己性别的了解就会被与性别相关的知识的推论功能影响。因为是社会导致了关于性别的知识的产生，所以学习性别可以看作是学习关于性别的知识的文化建构，学习个人的性别就是学习根据社会的规则和对性别行为的期望来定义个人。在福柯的观念中，性别化的自我就是约束自己。性别认同是在社会化的过程中获得的。虽然性别认同是后天获得的，但它并不完全是社会建构的，因为它必然受到自我发展与“爱的对象”的关系的影响。在弗洛伊德的观点中，性别认同不是与生俱来的，而是自我出现时必需的。在这一观念中，性别认同是自我发展的结果，它是基于自我与所谓的“爱的对象”的互动而形成的。在弗洛伊德的理论中，男孩会把他的母亲作为“爱的对象”，因此会变得女性化。弗洛伊德理论中的男孩概念是，人的性本能决定了人拥有“爱的对象”是一种自然倾向，而这种倾向是与生俱来的。
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