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  3. Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being.Energy contributes

Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being.Energy contributes

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问题     Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being.Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production.But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts—detract from well-being.
    For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation.Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth.The 1970’s, then, represented a turning point.After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects.It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply.It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.
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答案 要想理解这种转变，就需要回顾一下能源和人类幸福这两方面的联系。能源为人类的幸福积极地贡献着，它不仅为经济生产提供了必要的投入，还为人类提供了消费服务，如供热和照明等。但是消耗能源的代价降低了人类幸福的程度，这些代价不仅包括投入开采和应用能源的资金和其他资源，还包括对环境、社会和政治所造成的影响。 在人类历史的大部分时间里，关于能源问题人类主要关心的是能源消耗给人类带来幸福的方面。能源资源的不足，或者更多的是用来开采、转化和分配这些能源的技术力量的不足，组织的混乱导致能源效益不足，也因此阻碍、制约了发展。但20世纪70年代出现了一个转折点。在经过几十年的能源货币成本的保持稳定或者下降之后——其环境和社会成本一直是被当作次要的成本在考虑——如今的能源无论从哪方面来看都变得更昂贵了。过多的能源成本有可能开始对不足的能源供应造成威胁。增加能源供应的一些形式可能造成成本高于利益，这也是可以想象的。
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