首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TALL BUILDINGS 1 Until the nineteenth century, most tall buildings were constructed of loa
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TALL BUILDINGS 1 Until the nineteenth century, most tall buildings were constructed of loa
admin
2012-01-14
60
问题
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TALL BUILDINGS
1 Until the nineteenth century, most tall buildings were constructed of load-bearing masonry walls. Masonry walls had to be thick, particularly at the base, to support a building’s great weight. Stoneworkers built these walls by placing stone upon stone or brick upon brick, adding strength and stability by placing layers of mortar or cement between the stones. Floors and roofs had to be supported by wooden beams, but the major vertical
force
of buildings was supported by thick masonry walls. This imposed serious limitations on the number and size of windows.
2 In the 1850s, an alternative was emerging that would eliminate the need for exterior weight-bearing walls: a three-dimensional grid of metal beams and columns. The introduction of metal construction made it possible to build larger interior spaces with fewer columns than before. The new construction was capable of supporting all the loads to which a building might be subjected, including the vertical forces caused by the weight of the floors and the horizontal forces caused by the wind or earthquakes.
3 The first buildings to depart from the load-bearing wall tradition were iron-framed. Wrought iron, shaped by hammering the heated metal or roiling it under extreme pressure, contains almost no carbon, and when used as floor beams, it can support a great deal of weight. An interior wrought iron skeleton supported all of the hnilding’s weight. Exterior walls of reinforced concrete acted mainly as weatherproofing.
As masonry yielded to concrete, walls that once bore weight evolved into thin curtain walls that would allow more windows.
These modifications produced sturdier, lighter, and taller buildings that quickly became known as skyscrapers. Skyscrapers satisfied the growing need for office space, warehouses, and department stores. Buildings of eight or more stories quickly transformed the city skyline and dominated the central business districts of American cities such as New York, Chicago, and St. Louis.
4 Skyscrapers differed from previous tall structures with their use of technical innovations such as cast iron and the elevator. The development of cast iron technology, in which molten iron is poured into a mold, made modern plumbing possible. Cast iron pipes, fittings, and valves could deliver pressurized water to the many floors of tall buildings and drain wastewater out. The invention of the mechanical elevator made it possible to construct even taller buildings. Before the elevator, office buildings were rarely more than four or five stories high. In 1857, the first passenger elevator equipped with safety brakes prevented the elevator from falling to the basement when a cable broke. The elevator made the upper floors as
rentable
as the first floor, liberating architecture from dependence on stairways and human muscle.
5 Not only did these innovations have important uses in the engineering of tall buildings, but
they
also erased the traditional architectural distinctions separating the bottom, middle, and top of a building. Architects designed towers that reached to the heavens in a continuous vertical grid. Iron construction established the principle of repetitive rhythms as a natural expression of construction, as well as the idea that buildings could be made of new materials on a vast scale.
6 Construction techniques were
refined
and extended over the next several decades to produce what architectural historians have called "true skyscrapers," buildings over twenty stories high. The invention of steel was particularly significanti as steel T-beams and I-beams replaced iron in these new structures. Steel weighs less than half as much as masonry and exceeds both masonry and iron in tension and compression strength as well as resistance to fatigue. Steel rivets replaced iron bolts and were in turn replaced by electric arc welding in the 1920s. The skyscraper’s steel skeleton could meet all of the structural requirements while occupying very little interior space. Exterior curtain walls could be quite thin, since their only function now was to let in light and keep the weather out.
Which of the following was a typical characteristic of tall buildings before the nineteenth century?
选项
A、Stone floors and roofs
B、Thick walls of stone or brick
C、A large number of tall windows
D、An interior frame of metal
答案
B
解析
Thick walls of stone or brick were typical of tall buildings before the nineteenth century. Clues: Until the nineteenth century, most tall buildings were constructed of load-bearing masonry walls. Masonry walls had to be thick...; Stoneworkers built these walls by placing stone upon stone or brick upon brick.... (1.1)
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/4wyO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Questions7-10Labelthediagrambelow.ChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinbox
ChooseTHREElettersA-G.Writeyouranswersinboxes37-39onyouranswersheet.WhichTHREEofthefollowingarefeatu
Lookatthefollowingopinionsordeedsandthelistofpeoplebelow.Matcheachopinionordeedwiththecorrectperson,A-
HowdesertsareformedA.Adesertreferstoabarrensectionofland,mainlyinaridandsemi-aridareas,wherethereisal
Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxesonyou
Howdidthestudentgettheuniversityprospectus?Whodecidesthecountryinwhichthestudentwillworkinyearthree?
Howdidthestudentgettheuniversityprospectus?WhatA-levelsisthestudenttaking?
SECTION3Questions21-30Questions21-24CompletethenotesonthepurposesofalessonplanusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSf
Whatkindofcourseisthemanseeking?Whatproficiencylevelisthestudent?
Whataretheparkingregulationsoncampus?
随机试题
建设工程合同+商品房买卖+不动产物权变动+代理(本题有超纲内容,供考生参考)房产开发商甲与建筑施工企业乙签订建筑工程施工合同。合同约定:建筑工程完成时,甲与乙按6:4比例分配房屋。房屋建成后,甲以工程逾期完工构成违约为由起诉乙,要求乙支付违约金300万元;
《资治通鉴》的史书体裁是()。
不属于非特异性感染病原体的是
关于正偏态分布资料的描述,说法错误的是
平面滑动时,滑动面的倾角β与滑动面的摩擦角φ的关系为:
对于复合层涂层防腐蚀施工.涂底漆前应对()等特殊部位加以保护。
通过“招、拍、挂”程序承受土地使用权的应按()计征契税。
本题为选做题,请在Ⅰ、Ⅱ两道试题中选取其中一道作答,若两题都回答,只按第Ⅰ道试题的成绩记入总分。选做题Ⅰ:阅读材料:材料1在去年美国攻打伊拉克引发国际社会严重分歧以来,法国积极拉拢北京,有更深一层的战略意义。事实上,中、法关系一开始就建
编写如下程序:PrivateSubCommand1_Click() DimiAsInteger,jAsInteger n=InputBox("输入一个大于1的正整数") Fori=2Ton Forj=2To
软件设计中划分模块的一个准则是()。
最新回复
(
0
)