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  3. If sustainable competitive advantage depends on workforce skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is no

If sustainable competitive advantage depends on workforce skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is no

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问题     If sustainable competitive advantage depends on workforce skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as 【C1】______ to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Labour is simply another factor of production to be hired or【C2】______at the lowest possible cost— much 【C3】______ one buys raw materials or equipment.
    The lack of importance 【C4】______ to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second 【C5】______ command. The 【C6】______ of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who 【C7】______ it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to 【C8】______ to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).【C9】______, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm’ s【C10】______.
    As a【C11】______, problems【C12】______when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn【C13】______to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is【C14】______in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for【C15】______retraining【C16】______costs and creates bottlenecks that【C17】______the speed with【C18】______new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological【C19】______. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population【C20】______the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.
【C13】
选项 A、how
B、what
C、where
D、whom
答案A
解析 考查语篇理解。根据语境可知，空格处的意思应为：如果美国工人需要花费比德国工人长得多的时间去学习如何操作新的多用途制造设备…。所以答案应为A．how。
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