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  3. There is an old saying that philosophy bakes no bread. It is perhaps equally true that no bread would ever have been baked witho

There is an old saying that philosophy bakes no bread. It is perhaps equally true that no bread would ever have been baked witho

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问题     There is an old saying that philosophy bakes no bread. It is perhaps equally true that no bread would ever have been baked without philosophy. For the act of baking implies a decision on the philosophical issue of whether life is worthwhile at all. Bakers may not have often asked themselves the question in so many words;【F1】But philosophy traditionally has been nothing less than the attempt to ask and answer, in a formal and disciplined way, the great questions of life that ordinary men might put to themselves in reflective moments.
    In a world of war and change, of principles armed with bombs and technology searching for principles, the alarming thing is not what philosophers say but what they fail to say.【F2】When reason is overturned, blind passions are unrestrained, and urgent questions mount, men turn for guidance to scientists, sociologists, politicians, journalists—almost anyone except their traditional guide, the philosopher. Ironically, the once remote theologians are in closer touch with humanity’s immediate and intense concerns than most philosophers. Many feel that the "queen of sciences" has been dethroned.
    Once all sciences were part of philosophy’s domain, but gradually, from physics to psychology, they seceded and established themselves as independent disciplines. Above all, for some time now, philosophy itself has been engaged in a vast revolt against its own past and against its traditional function.【F3】This intellectual clearance may well have been necessary, but as a result contemporary philosophy looks inward at its own problems rather than outward at men, and philosophizes about philosophy, not about life.
    A great many of his colleagues in the U.S. today would agree with Donald Kalish, chairman of the philosophy department at U.C.L.A., who says: "There is no system of philosophy to spin out. There are no ethical truths, there are just clarifications of particular ethical problems. You are mistaken to think that anyone ever had the answers. There are no answers."【F4】As a result, philosophy today is bitterly separated, and most of the major philosophy departments and scholarly journals are the exclusive property of one sect or another.
    【F5】Chances are, however, that philosophy will learn to coexist with science and reach its delayed maturity, provided it resolutely insists on being a separate discipline dealing publicly and intelligibly in first-order questions. Caution is bound to remain. Instead of one-man systems, philosophy in the future will probably consist of a dialogue of many thinkers, each seeking to explore to the fullest one aspect of a common problem.
【F2】
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答案当理性被颠覆，盲目的狂热失去约束，急需解决的问题攀升时，人们便向科学家、社会学家、政治家、媒体寻求帮助——几乎所有人都可以成为求助对象，除了传统的指导者——哲学家。
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