首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
During the 1970’s and 1980’s political extremism and terrorism frequently focused on "national liberation" and economic issues.
During the 1970’s and 1980’s political extremism and terrorism frequently focused on "national liberation" and economic issues.
admin
2013-02-04
36
问题
During the 1970’s and 1980’s political extremism and terrorism frequently focused on "national liberation" and economic issues. The collapse of the Soviet bloc, and the ending of its covert funding and encouragement of terrorism led to a decline in the militant and violent left-wing terrorist groups that were a feature of the age.
The 1990’s have seen the development of a "new terrorism". This is not to say that state-backed terrorism has ceased, but rather that the spectrum of terrorism has widened. This new extremism is frequently driven by religious fervor, is transnational, sanctions extreme violence, and may often be millenialist. The new terrorism may seek out military or government targets, but it also seeks out symbolic civilian targets, and the victims have mostly been innocent civilians,
Growing concern about this new terrorism has been paralleled by concern about the employment of the new information and communication technologies (ICT’s).
ICT’s offer a new dimension for political extremists and terrorists. They allow the diffusion of command and control; they allow boundless new opportunities for communication, and they allow the players to target the information stores, processes and communications of their opponents. The sophistication of the modern nation-state, and its dependency on computer-based ICT’s, make the state ever more vulnerable
The use of ICT’s to influence, modify, disrupt or damage a nation state, its institutions or population by influencing the media, Or by subversion, has been called "netwar", The full range of weapons in the cyberspace armory can be employed in netwar; from propaganda campaigns at one level to interference with databases and networks at the other. What particularly distinguishes netwar from other forms of war is that it targets information and communications, and may be used to alter thinking or disrupt planned actions. In this sense it can be distinguished from earlier forms of warfare—economic wars that target the means of production, and political wars that target leadership and government.
Netwar is therefore of particular interest to those engaged in non-military war, or those operating at sub-state level. Clearly nation states might also consider it, as an adjunct to military war or as an option prior to moving on to military war. So far, however, it appears to be of greater interest to extremist advocacy groups and terrorists. Because there are no physical limits or boundaries, netwar has been adopted by groups who operate across great distances or transnationally. The growth of such groups, and their growing powers in relation to those of nation states, suggests an evolving power-based relationship for both. Military strategist Martin Van Creveld has suggested that war in the future is more likely to be waged between such groups and states rather than between states and states.
Most modern adversaries of nation states in the realm of low intensity conflict, such as international terrorists, single-issue extremists and ethnic and religious extremists are organized in networks, although their leadership may sometimes be hierarchical. Law enforcement and security agencies therefore often have difficulty in engaging in low intensity conflict against such networks because they are ill suited to cio so. Their doctrine, training and modus operandi have, all too often, been predicated on combating a hierarchy of command, like their own.
Only now are low-intensity conflict and terrorism recognized as "strategic" threats to nation states, and countries which until very recently thought that terrorism was something that happened elsewhere, have become victims themselves.
The Tokyo subway attack by the Aum Shinriko and the Oklahoma City bombing would have been unthinkable a generation ago, and not only was the civil population unprepared, but also law enforcement. And this despite clear warning signs that such attacks were in the offing.
The potential for physical conflict to be replaced by attacks on information infrastructures has caused states to rethink their concepts of warfare, threats and national assets, at a time when information is recognized as a national asset. The adoption of new information technologies and the use of new communication media, such as the Internet, create vulnerabilities that can be exploited by individuals, organizations and states.
The best title of the passage is ______.
选项
A、ICT:A New Weapon for Terrorism
B、Netwar: An Unfamiliar Form of Warfare
C、Internet: A Vulnerable Target of Extremists
D、New Terrorism: A Real Threat to the World
答案
B
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/8YaO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Irecentlytookcareofa50-year-oldmanwhohadbeenadmittedtothehospitalshortofbreath.Duringhismonthlongstayhewa
Britain’seastmidlandswereoncethepictureofEnglishcountryside,alivewithflocks,shepherds,skylarksandbuttercups—the
Britain’seastmidlandswereoncethepictureofEnglishcountryside,alivewithflocks,shepherds,skylarksandbuttercups—the
A、developingandutilizingnewsourcesofenergy.B、reducingtaxesontheworkingpeopleoftheUS.C、encouragingtodesignand
InEnglish,visbearsthemeaningof"tolookatsomething"andcanbecombinedwithaffixestoformnewwords,asinsupervise,
WhichriveroftheUnitedStateshasbeencalled"FatherofWaters"or"OldManRiver"?
Contrasttoresearchers’expectations,dysfunctionalfamilyrelationshipsandpoor【M1】______communicationstylesappeartoh
Cultureisoneofthemostchallengingelementsofthenational1.______marketplace.Thissystemoflearnedbehaviorpatternsc
Theessay,______,isnotwrittenbyRalphWaldoEmerson.
A、St.James’sPark.B、Whitehall.C、DowningStreet.D、TrafalgarSquare.D
随机试题
在同步串行通信中,使用波特率来表示数据的传送速率,它是指______。
下列方剂中,体现“降中寓升,寓补于通”的是()。
子宫颈癌的始发部位常是
材料管理要编制多种计划,下面关于材料计划的编制顺序正确的是()。
下列选项中属于消防安全管理法律政策依据的是()。
关于国防,下列说法错误的是()。
给定资料1.教师这一职业出现在上古时代,到春秋战国时期,教育与政治有所分离,教师从官吏变成了较单纯、独立的社会职业,同时,人们对师德有了更职业化的重视。《礼记.文王世子》中强调:“师也者,教之以事而喻诸德者也。”教师的职责,除了传授知识,更要传“
“东方明珠香港”“船长老王”属于__________短语。(广东外语外贸大学2015)
执行语句:MsB0x“AAAA",vbOKCancel+vbQuestion,“BBBB”之后,弹出的信息框外观样式是
Manyonceprosperousnorthernmilltownshave______asindustryhasmovedtotheSouth.
最新回复
(
0
)