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  3. Bhagwati says "Unions in poor countries face a lose-lose situation". Higher standards are apt to raise the poorer nations’ costs

Bhagwati says "Unions in poor countries face a lose-lose situation". Higher standards are apt to raise the poorer nations’ costs

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问题     Bhagwati says "Unions in poor countries face a lose-lose situation". Higher standards are apt to raise the poorer nations’ costs of production, crippling those nations’ competitiveness. If the standards are not implemented, those nations’ exports are punished with sanctions. So for the unions in rich countries, the moralization of trade is win-win.
    Time was, protectionists were mostly on the right, protecting corporations in the name of nationalism. Now most are on the left, where the vocabulary of victimization prevails. The left’s agenda—expanding government at the expense of markets in the allocation of wealth and opportunity— makes economic autarky a temptation. The same mind-set also opposes challenges to government monopolies such as public education and Social Security.
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答案 巴格瓦蒂说过，“贫穷国家的工会面临双输的局面”。设定过高的标准容易导致较贫穷国家生产成本的提高，从而使这些国家竞争力减弱。而如果不执行这种标准，这些国家的出口在经济制裁中会受到处罚。因此，富裕国家的工会在贸易道德规范中处于双赢地位。 曾经，保护主义者大多数为右倾，以民族主义的名义保护集团公司。而现在，大多数为左倾，受害者的言论盛行。左倾者的议题是，政府代替市场更多地分配财富和机会，他们给出的诱惑是经济自给自足。他们还反对去挑战政府垄断，比如在公共教育和社保方面。
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