首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alc
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alc
admin
2013-01-18
43
问题
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some eases it can serve as a reward and reinforce tile behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.
To which one of the following questions does the author provide enough information to formulate an answer?
选项
A、Why do people who are alcoholics continue to drink even though the consequences of their drinking are very unpleasant?
B、How did Conger explain the behavior of alcoholics in terms of shock therapy?
C、Under what circumstances does an alcoholic benefit from anxiety attacks?
D、To what extent does stimulus generalization prevent alcohol ingestion from becoming the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse?
答案
A
解析
文章第三段后半部分回答了这个问题。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/9H2O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessi
Thebusinessofadvertisingistoinventmethodsofaddressingmassiveaudiencesinalanguagedesignedtobeeasilyaccessible
Itistheinteractionbetweenpeople,ratherthantheeventsthatoccurintheirlivesthatarethemainlocusofsocialpsychol
Usuallyyouwillbemorelikelytofindinsectsifyouexaminefinertwigsratherthanthecoarsepartsoftrees.
IntheUnitedStatesandinmanyothercountriesaroundtheworld,therearefourmainwaysforpeopletobe【1】aboutdevelopment
TestshaveconfirmedthatfourpeopleinWisconsincontractedthemonkeypoxvirusaftercomingintoclosecontactwithpetprair
Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,______.
DealingwithDepression(51)Contrarytowhatmanypeoplethinkdepressionisnotanormalpartofgrowingolder.Norisith
Farmersaremoreanxiousforrainthanpeopleincitiesbecausetheyhavemoreat______.
OnSeptember7,2001,a68-year-oldwomaninStrasbourg,France,hadhergallbladder(胆囊)removedbysurgeonsoperating,viacomputer
随机试题
《竹刑》
简述选择储位应考虑的因素
A.腮腺B.下颌下腺C.舌下腺D.唇腺E.腭腺
【2004年第147题】土的含水量ω的定义,下列何种说法是正确的?
《工业炉窑大气污染物排放标准》(GB9078—1996)中规定,按照不同年限分为两个阶段,执行不同的大气污染物排放标准。第一时段是指()前在用的工业炉窑。
【2013浙江ANO.29】1994年到1997年4年时间,财政收入占GDP的比重仅10%多一点,到2011年接近22%,如果考虑到土地出让和其他政府基金性收入,有专家估计政府收入占GDP的比重超过30%。而同期,企业或者是资本收入占比也大幅度提高。一个佐
虽然菠菜中含有丰富的钙但同时含有大量的浆草酸,浆草酸会有力地阻止人体对于钙的吸收,因此一个人要想摄人足够的钙,就必须用其他含钙丰富的食物来取代菠菜,至少和菠菜一起食用。以下哪项如果为真,最能削弱题干的论证?
Animal’s"SixthSense"AtsunamiwastriggeredbyanearthquakeintheIndianOceaninDecember,2004.Itkilledtensofthousan
Some______goodluckbroughtusnothingbuttrouble.
Hecannotaffordacar;theoneheisdriving______tohiscousin.
最新回复
(
0
)