首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Does the publisher of Douglas Starr’s excellent Blood—An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce actually expect to sell many copi
Does the publisher of Douglas Starr’s excellent Blood—An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce actually expect to sell many copi
admin
2022-08-25
23
问题
Does the publisher of Douglas Starr’s excellent Blood—An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce actually expect to sell many copies? Whoever chose the title is certain to scare off the squeamish, and the subtitle, which makes the effort sound like a dry, dense survey text, has really done this book a disservice. In fact, the brave and curious—will enjoy a brightly written, intriguing, and disquieting book, with some important lessons for public health.
【R1】________
The book begins with a historical view on centuries of lore about blood—in particular, the belief that blood carried the evil humors of disease and required occasional draining. As recently as the Revolutionary War, Bloodletting was widely applied to treat fevers. The idea of using one person’s blood to heal another is only about 75 years old—although rogue scientists had experimented with transfusing animal blood at least as early as the 1600s. The first transfusion experiments involved stitching a donor’s vein (in early cases the physician’s) to a patient’s vein.
【R2】________
Sabotaged by notions about the "purity" of their groups’ blood, Japan and Germany lagged well behind the Allies in transfusion science. Once they realized they were losing injured troops the Allies had learned to save, they tried to catch up, conducting horrible and unproductive experiments such as draining blood from POWs and injecting them with horse blood or polymers.
【R3】________
During the early to mid-1980s, Start says, 10,000 American hemophiliacs and 12, 000 others contracted HIV from transfusions and receipt of blood products. Blood banks both here and abroad moved slowly to acknowledge the threat of the virus and in some cases even acted with criminal negligence, allowing the distribution of blood they knew was tainted. This is not new material. But Starr’s insights add a dimension to a story first explored in the late Randy Shilts’s And the Bond Played On.
【R4】________
Is the blood supply safe now? Screening procedures and technology have gotten much more advanced. Yet it’s disturbing to read Starr’s contention that a person receiving multiple transfusions today has about a 1 in 90,000 chance of contracting HIV—far higher than the "one in a million" figure that blood bankers once blithely and falsely quoted. Moreover, new pathogens threaten to emerge and spread through the increasingly high-speed, global blood-product network faster than science can stop them. This prompts Start to argue that today’s blood stores are "simultaneously safer and more threatening" than when distribution was less sophisticated.
【R5】________
A. The massive wartime blood drives laid the groundwork for modem blood-banking, which has saved countless lives. Unfortunately, these developments also set the stage for a great modem tragedy—the spread of AIDS through the international blood supply.
B. There is so much drama, power, resonance, and important information in this book that it would be a shame if the squeamish were scared off. Perhaps the key lesson is this: The public health must always be guarded against the pressures and pitfalls of competitive markets and human fallibility.
C. In his chronicle of a resource, Start covers an enormous amount of ground. He gives us an account of mankind’s attitudes over a 400-year period towards this "precious, mysterious, and hazardous material"; of medicine’s efforts to understand, control, and develop blood’s life-saving properties; and of the multibillion-dollar industry that benefits from it. He describes disparate institutions that use blood, from the military and the pharmaceutical industry to blood banks. The culmination is a rich examination of how something as horrifying as distributing blood tainted with the HIV virus could have occurred.
D. The book’s most interesting section considers the huge strides transfusion science took during World War II. Medicine benefited significantly from the initiative to collect and supply blood to the Allied troops and from new trauma procedures developed to administer it. It was then that scientists learned to separate blood into useful elements, such as freeze-dried plasma and clotting factors, paving the way for both battlefield miracles and dramatic improvement in the lives of hemophiliacs.
E. Starr’s tale ends with a warning about the safety of today’s blood supply.
F. Starr obtained memos and other evidence used in Japanese, French, and Canadian criminal trials over the tainted-blood distribution. (American blood banks enjoyed legal protections that made U. S. trials more complex and provided less closure for those harmed.) His account of the French situation is particularly poignant. Start explains that in postwar France, donating blood was viewed as a sacred and patriotic act. Prison populations were urged to give blood as a way to connect more with society. Unfortunately, the French came to believe that such benevolence somehow offered a magical protection to the blood itself and that it would be unseemly to question volunteer donors about their medical history or sexual or drug practices. Combined with other factors, including greed and hubris, this led to tragedy. Some blood banks were collecting blood from high-risk groups as late as 1990, well into the crisis. And France, along with Canada, Japan, and even Britain, stalled approval and distribution of safer, American heat-treated plasma products when they became available, in part because they were giving their domestic companies time to catch up with scientific advances.
【R3】
选项
答案
A
解析
根据上一段最后一句“…such as draining blood…”与A项中的“The massive wartime blood drives…”对应可知,应选A。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/B2Pd777K
本试题收录于:
公共英语五级笔试题库公共英语(PETS)分类
0
公共英语五级笔试
公共英语(PETS)
相关试题推荐
______theclimateaffectsthefuturesustainableagriculturaldevelopment?______theenvironmentalproblemsarenotcausedover
Psychologistssaytherearetwodifferentkindsofloneliness.
Impatiencecharacterizesyoungintellectualworkers.Theywanttomaketheirmark(31).Soit’simportanttoget(32)tothemin
Psychologiststakecontrastiveviewsofhowexternalrewards,from【C1】______praisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.
A=BuddhistArchitectureB=TaoistArchitectureC=ImperialMausoleumArchitectureBuddhistArchitectureChineseBu
Walking—likeswimming,Bicyclingandrunning—isanaerobicexercise,【C1】______buildsthecapacityforenergyoutputandphysica
Walking—likeswimming,Bicyclingandrunning—isanaerobicexercise,【C1】______buildsthecapacityforenergyoutputandphysica
A=TheImperialPalaceB=TheTempleofHeavenC=PotalaPalaceD=JokhangTempleWhichpalaceortemple...isthespiritualc
WhatdidweleamabouttheaesthesiometerusedbyProf.Allen?Twopointsonatattooedbodyfeelsdistinctatwhatdistance?
随机试题
个人主义是()。
眼球的静脉回流,错误的是()
患者,男,32岁。腰部胀痛1周,家族史:父亲死于尿毒症。查体:血压175/100mmHg,脉搏80次/分。尿常规:红细胞4~12/HP,血红蛋白123g/L,血肌酐700μmol/L。腹部B超显示双肾可见多个大小不等的囊肿。明确诊断为多囊肾。问题3:能
蔡某是一位精神病人,某日突然精神病发作,手拿铁棍,在大街上拦路抢劫,公安机关发现后,采取临时的保护性约束措施,并提出了对蔡某强制医疗的申请,下列说法正确的是:()
在项目竣工验收前,咨询工程师可以提供运营准备的服务。运营准备主要包括()。
项目结构分解并没有统一的模式,但应结合项目的特点并参考()。
下列建设工程项目投资中,属于动态投资的是()。
外汇的动态概念表示贸易双方用来清偿债权债务关系所凭借的手段和工具。()
法制领导是指党领导制定各项公安法律、法规,并监督公安机关实施。( )
それから数週間たって、ストックホルムに帰るとき、ふたたびラルスの駅舎(驿站)に着いた。父親が次の駅舎までついていこうとしたが、わたしは特に頼んで、ラルスに行ってもらうことにした。三時間ばかり楽しく話しながら走った後、は幾度も「さよなら」をして別れた。
最新回复
(
0
)