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  3. There are more than 300 million of us in the U.S., and sometimes it seems like we’re all friends on Facebook. But the sad truth

There are more than 300 million of us in the U.S., and sometimes it seems like we’re all friends on Facebook. But the sad truth

admin2022-07-29  9
问题     There are more than 300 million of us in the U.S., and sometimes it seems like we’re all friends on Facebook. But the sad truth is that Americans are lonelier than ever. Between 2005 and 2019, the number of people who said there was no one with whom they discussed important matters tripled, to 25 percent, according to Duke University researchers. Unfortunately, as a new study linking women to increased risk of heart disease shows, all this loneliness can be detrimental to our health.
    The bad news doesn’t just affect women. Social isolation in all adults has been linked to a lot of physical and mental ailments, including sleep disorders, high blood pressure, and an increased risk of depression and suicide. How lonely you feel today actually predicts how well you’ll sleep tonight and how depressed you’ll feel a year from now, says John T. Cacioppo, a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago and coauthor of Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. Studies have shown that loneliness can cause stress levels to rise and can weaken the immune system. Lonely people also tend to have less healthy lifestyles, drinking more alcohol, eating more fattening food, and exercising less than those who are not lonely.
    Though more Americans than ever are living alone (23 percent of U.S. households, up from 7 percent in 200O), the connection between single-living and loneliness is in fact quite weak. "Some of the most profound loneliness can happen when other people are present," says Harry Reis, professor of psychology at the University of Rochester. Take college freshmen: even though they’re surrounded by people almost all the time, many feel incredibly isolated during the first quarter of the school year with their friends and family members far away, Cacioppo says. Studies have shown that how lonely freshmen will feel can be predicted by how many miles they are from home. By the second quarter, however, most freshmen have found social replacements for their high-school friends. Unfortunately, as we age, it becomes more difficult to recreate those social relationships. And that can be a big problem as America becomes a more transient society, with an increasing number of Americans who say that they’re willing to move away from home for a job.
    Loneliness can be relative: it has been defined as an aversive emotional response to a perceived discrepancy between a person’s desired levels of social interaction and the contact they’re actually receiving. People tend to measure themselves against others, feeling particularly alone in communities where social connection is the norm. That’s why collectivist cultures, like those in Southern Europe, have higher levels of loneliness than individualist cultures, Cacioppo says. For the same reason, isolated individuals feel most acutely alone on holidays like Christmas Eve or Thanksgiving, when most people are surrounded by family and friends.
    Still, loneliness is a natural biological signal that we all have. Indeed, loneliness serves an adaptive purpose, making us protect and care for one another. Loneliness essentially puts the brain on high alert, encouraging us not to eat leftovers from the refrigerator but to call a friend and eat out. Certain situational factors can trigger loneliness, but long-term feelings of emptiness and isolation are partly genetic, Cacioppo says. What’s inherited is not loneliness itself, but rather sensitivity to disconnection.
    Social-networking sites like Facebook and Twitter may provide people with a false sense of connection that ultimately increases loneliness in people who feel alone. These sites should serve as a supplement, but not replacement for, face-to-face interaction, Cacioppo says. For people who feel satisfied and loved in their day-to-day life, social media can be a reassuring extension. For those who are already lonely, Facebook status updates are just a reminder of how much better everyone else is at making friends and having fun. So how many friends do you need to avoid loneliness? An introvert might need one confidant not to feel lonely, whereas an extrovert might require two, three, or four bosom buddies. Experts say it’s not the quantity of social relationships but the quality that really matters.
Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
选项 A、There are approximately 8％ of Americans who claimed to be lonely in 2005.
B、College sophomores tend to be lonelier than freshmen.
C、The more you expect of social interaction, the lonelier you feel if the reality is the reverse.
D、People who often feel lonely are likely to have lonely children.
答案B
解析 本题没有关键词，问题是：哪个选项是错误的?需根据选项关键词定位相应段落。可以定位到第三段第三、四、五句，这三句提到大学新生刚入学时会感到孤独，不过在以后就会慢慢交到新朋友，找到他们高中朋友的替代者(replacements)，由此可知，大二学生没有大一新生孤独，因此选项B属于正反混淆，为正确答案。第一段第三句指出the number of people who…tripled。to 25 percent(人数从2005年到2019增至25％，变为原来的三倍)，由此可推算}42005年的数字大约为8％，因此选项A与原文一致。第四段第一句给出了孤独感的定义：孤独是当人们对社会交往的期望与实际情况产生差异时产生的厌恶情绪，因此选项C与原文是相同含义。第五段第五句指出，对孤独的敏感性(sensitivity)可能会遗传，所以如果父母经常感到孤独，他们的孩子很有可能也会孤独，选项D的说法也和原文一致。
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