首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the
admin
2019-03-10
67
问题
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century
P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the population lives in cities, developed only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The process of urbanization has moved rapidly in the entire world since 1800, and the peak is not yet in sight. In the United States, early New England towns, formally disposed along wide elm-lined central roadways or commons, exhibit a conscious planning. In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term "urban planning", as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s. While there certainly were urban areas that were "planned" in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the exception. Most "planned" in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside. Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant transportation system improvements and increased ridership.
P3: Demographic patterns also accounted for the urbanization. Urban populations grew steadily due to rural immigrants gravitated to the cheap housing and to the promise of work in or near the center of cities or around factories and emigration from around the globe. As the 19th century drew to a close, the rapid development of cities served as both a uniting and dividing factor in American social, economic, and political life. Cities attracted a rich cross-section of the world’s population, creating a various, metropolitan atmosphere. At the same time, cities forced people from entirely different backgrounds to live and work together in close proximity for the first time, which contributed to diverse urban problems.
P4: Many nineteenth-century urban problems continue to plague cities today, especially those associated with sanitation and mega-fires resulted from lack of planning and regulation. The growth of cities outpaced the ability of local governments to extend clean water, garbage collection, and sewage systems into poorer areas, so conditions in cities deteriorated. Sanitary sewers at that time failed to stop the spread of typhoid, increased its infection rates downstream of sewer outlets, and the miasmatic gasses they were designed to mitigate turned out to not exist. It was not until the 1860s that any serious, concerted effort was made to develop proper systems for water delivery and sewage removal, which caused water contamination and the spread of disease by rodents and insects. During the 19th century, the United States was afflicted with many urban conflagrations and wildfires as tactical firefighting and prevention practices were underdeveloped. Construction with combustible materials coupled with close placement of buildings and the use of open flames in heating, cooking, and lighting meant that the potential for raging fires was ever present.
P5: Cities in the late 19th century were large, compacted, and impersonal places devoted to making money. Typically, development was both unplanned and unrestricted, with landowners making all choices of lot size, services, and street arrangement based only on their individual needs in the marketplace. Not surprisingly, corruption was rampant in city government and city services, in the construction industry, and among landlords and employers. High rents, low wages, and poor services produced misery in the midst of abrupt economic growth.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference both for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside.■ Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. ■The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. ■People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. ■Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant system improvements and increased ridership.
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.
In general, the growth of American cities in the nineteenth century was not guided by comprehensive urban planning
-
-
-
Answer Choices
A By the end of the nineteenth century, the City Beautiful Movement had influenced the design of most large cities in the United States
B Improved technology and higher incomes enabled large segments of the population to move farther away from the places they worked and shopped.
C Economic development derived from the Industrial Revolution enlarged the commuting distance of people and the growing commuters lessened traveling costs.
D During the nineteenth century, the need of local business and industries were ignored in urban planning.
E Industrial growth attracted many immigrants—from rural areas and abroad—into American cities in search of factory work and thus led to more urban population.
F Unplanned and unregulated development combined with inadequate water and sewage systems created public health problems and put cities at serious risk from fires.
选项
答案
C,E,F
解析
【文章总结题】本文主要讲述19世纪美国城市化发展过程中的一些问题。主要包括经济、交通、人口这三个影响因素,其中经济发展使得城市规模变大、交通使得人们的通勤更加便利、工业发展吸引力乡村以及国外移民,进一步扩大城市人口;同时,城市发展缺乏规划性,导致污水以及大火这样的环境问题。因此涉及美国城市化发展问题的C、E、F选项正确。A、B、D三个选项属于细节偏离主旨,或者与文章内容不一致。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/BMfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Writethecorrectletter,A-F,nexttoquestions21-26.AVideoResourceCentreBReadingRoomCFoodServiceCentreDPeriodic
Writethecorrectletter,A-F,nexttoquestions21-26.AVideoResourceCentreBReadingRoomCFoodServiceCentreDPeriodic
Listentothedirectionsandmatchtheplacesinquestions11-15totheappropriateplaceamongA-Eonthemap.StudentCentre
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.CLIMATEANDARCHITECTURECasesandexamplesarefrompra
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.CLIMATEANDARCHITECTURECasesandexamplesarefrompra
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.Whatdoesthemanthinkaboutthefoodservedduringtheflight?
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.DevelopmentStudiesDevelopmentStudiesattemptstounderstand-
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.DevelopmentStudiesDevelopmentStudiesattemptstounderstand-
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.DevelopmentStudiesDevelopmentStudiesattemptstounderstand-
FamilyMattersThismonth,Wyomingpassedabillthatwouldgivelegalteethtothemoralobligationtosupportone’sparent
随机试题
女,5岁。自幼易感冒,生长发育尚可,心前区隆起,肺动脉瓣区有收缩期震颤,P2亢进。胸骨左缘第2~3肋间闻及3/6~4/6级收缩期杂音、Ⅱ级舒张期杂音,血压90/30mmHg。X线胸片示左右心室肥大(左室为主),肺充血明显,肺动脉段突出,主动脉弓增宽,考虑最
Graves病的典型体征对诊断亚急性甲状腺炎有意义的是
根据《环境影响评价技术导则生态影响》,关于香农一威纳指数公式H=一,下列关于参数的说法正确的有()。
影响到城市的产生和发展的全过程,决定城市的选址、城市性质和规模、城市空间结构及城市特色,是城市赖以生存和发展的资源是()。
可转换公司债券一般要经( )决议通过才能发行。
咨:我能理解你的心情。你现在的担心有一部分是因为你内心害怕而来的,过去发生的事现在不一定又会发生,但有时过去的经历会影响你现在的看法和反映。你现在有什么具体的事实证明老师会为难你么?求:没有证据。咨:假如没有事实根据,目前最好不要去考虑这种可能性,你还
甲、乙、丙三人预谋杀死共同仇人丁。甲提供了匕首一把、火药枪一支。某日,三人来到丁的住处。甲因肚子疼痛而去厕所方便。待甲回来了,乙、丙已将丁杀死。在此案,甲的行为应当定为()。
法国的()是欧洲中世纪城市文学的代表作品,主要采用把动物人格化的方法来进行写作。
用途:指定需返回数据的范围语法:SELECTcolumn_nameFROMtable_nameWHEREcolumn_nameBETWEENvalue1ANDvalue2
有一个事实我们不得不相信,那就是科技的发展已经彻底改变了我们的生活方式。以前,我们从没想到过生活质量会和科技之间有着如此紧密的联系。现如今,几乎人人都在使用网络,通过这个平台,我们学习、交朋友、获取信息的方式得以发生天翻地覆的转变。而且,大家普遍认为,这样
最新回复
(
0
)