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  3. If you can’t tell a smile from a scowl, you’re probably not getting enough sleep. " Recognizing the emotional expressions of som

If you can’t tell a smile from a scowl, you’re probably not getting enough sleep. " Recognizing the emotional expressions of som

admin2016-01-29  54
问题     If you can’t tell a smile from a scowl, you’re probably not getting enough sleep. " Recognizing the emotional expressions of someone else changes everything about whether or not you decide to interact with them, and in return, whether they interact with you," said study senior author Matthew Walker, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at UC Berkeley. The findings were published today in the Journal of Neuroscience. "These findings are especially worrying considering that two-thirds of people in the developed nations fail to get sufficient sleep," Walker added.
    Indeed, the results do not bode well for countless sleep-starved groups, said study lead author Andrea Goldstein-Piekarski, a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University, who started the study as a Ph. D. student at UC Berkeley. " Consider the implications for students pulling all-nighters, emergency-room medical staff, military fighters in war zones and police officers on graveyard shifts," she said.
    For the experiment, 18 healthy young adults viewed 70 facial expressions that ranged from friendly to threatening, once after a full night of sleep, and once after 24 hours of being awake. Researchers scanned participants’ brains and measured their heart rates as they looked at the series of visages.
    Brain scans as they carried out these tasks—generated through functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI)—revealed that the sleep-deprived brains could not distinguish between threatening and friendly faces, especially in the emotion-sensing regions of the brain’s anterior insula and anterior cingu-late cortex. Additionally, the heart rates of sleep-deprived study participants did not respond normally to threatening or friendly facial expressions. Moreover, researchers found a disconnection in the neural link between the brain and heart that typically enables the body to sense distress signals. "Sleep deprivation appears to dislocate the body from the brain," said Walker. " You can’t follow your heart. " As a consequence, study participants interpreted more faces, even the friendly or neutral ones, as threatening when sleep-deprived.
    "They failed our emotional Rorschach test," Walker said. "Insufficient sleep removes the rose tint to our emotional world, causing an overestimation of threat. This may explain why people who report getting too little sleep are less social and more lonely. "
    On a more positive note, researchers recorded the electrical brain activity of the participants during their full night of sleep, and found that their quality of Rapid Eye Movement(REM)or dream sleep correlated with their ability to accurately read facial expressions. Previous research by Walker has found that REM sleep serves to reduce stress neurochemicals and soften painful memories. "The better the quality of dream sleep, the more accurate the brain and body was at differentiating between facial expressions ," Walker said. " Dream sleep appears to reset the magnetic north of our emotional compass. This study provides yet more proof of our essential need for sleep. "
Who is more susceptible to mixing threatening and friendly faces?
选项 A、A police officer on duty.
B、A surgeon having performed an operation.
C、A student overloaded by homework.
D、A healthy young adult being awake for a whole night.
答案D
解析 细节题。定位到第二、三、四段，定位词为：mix和faces。本文一直强调睡眠不足会导致对敌友的混淆。原文第二段最后一句提到了3个职业：熬通宵的学生、急诊室的医务工作人员和值夜班的警察。都是强调了熬夜和睡眠不足，[A][B][C]不能确切表明是睡眠不足的情况，故排除。根据第六、七段可确定答案为[D]，即整夜不睡的体格健壮的年轻人。
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