首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t
admin
2015-12-01
85
问题
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as______.
选项
A、sociology and chemistry
B、physics and psychology
C、sociology and psychology
D、physics and chemistry
答案
D
解析
本题可参照文章的第2段。从文章第2段倒数两句话可知,19世纪专业分工的发展加上时间更长、内容更复杂的培训,暗示了业余人员参与科学研究将会碰到更多的问题。这一趋势在以数学或实验室培训为基础的科学领域里自然表现得尤为突出。英国地质学的发展可以阐明这种趋势。据此可知,19世纪专业化的发展在那些以数学或实验室训练为基础的科学领域可能看得更清晰。D项与文章的意思相符,因此D项为正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/CKLO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Theproceduresfollowedbyscholarsstudyingliteratureareoftenunsatisfactory:thecontroloveracognitiveprojectasawhol
Thelatestclocktobeinventedisa"languageclock"whichhelpsustodeterminethedatesofcertainoccurrences.Thisclockr
Smallbusinessownersmustaccepttheburdensofentrepreneurship.Beinginbusinessforyour-selfrequiresyourfullattention
ThehistoryofAfrican-Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated【21】anongoingstraggleagainst【22】andindif
ThehistoryofAfrican-Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated【21】anongoingstraggleagainst【22】andindif
ThehistoryofAfrican-Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated【21】anongoingstraggleagainst【22】andindif
Aswehaveseeninearlierchapters,theAmericandefinitionofsuccessislargelyoneofacquiringwealthandahighermaterial
Animportantpointinthedevelopmentofagovernmentalagencyisthecodificationofitscontrollingpractices.Thestudyofla
Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomy,thetypeofemployer—governmentorprivate—shouldhavelittleornoimpactonthee
Itisaneverydayobservationthatanimalsareborn,grow,andmature,thenbegintolosesomeoftheircapabilities,andfinall
随机试题
阅读材料,回答问题。材料1中华民族是世界上伟大的民族,有着5000多年源远流长的文明历史,为人类文明进步作出了不可磨灭的贡献。1840年鸦片战争以后,中国逐步成为半殖民地半封建社会,国家蒙辱、人民蒙难、文明蒙尘,中华民族遭受了前所未有的
有溃疡性结肠炎的治疗中,糖皮质激素适用于
枕骨摄影的最佳体位是
细胞水肿,电镜下的形态改变是
下列哪项不符合二期愈合的特点()。
调查人群龋病流行情况的分组不包括
关于药物经济学中的成本A、成本B、直接成本C、间接成本D、隐性成本E、以上均不是因诊断治疗过程中带来的担忧、痛苦属于
背景某安装公司承包一演艺中心的空调工程,演艺中心地处江边(距离江边100m),空调工程设备材料:双工况冷水机组(650Rt)、蓄冰槽、江水源热泵机组、燃气锅炉、低噪声冷却塔(650t/h)、板式热交换机、水泵、空调箱、风机盘管、各类阀门(DN20
注意的品质特征有注意的广度、______、______和注意的转移等。
衡量一个教师是否成熟的标志之一是其能否自觉()。
最新回复
(
0
)