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  3. Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【C1】________praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativ

Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【C1】________praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativ

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问题     Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【C1】________praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists,【C2】________research the relation【C3】________actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain【C4】________rewards often destroy creativity【C5】________encouraging dependence【C6】________ approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially【C7】________educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks【C8】________in grade-school children, suggesting【C9】________properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness,【C10】________to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a【C11】________and can focus【C12】________a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for【C13】________performance or creating too【C14】________anticipation for rewards. " A teacher【C15】________continually draws attention to rewards or who hands【C16】________high grades for ordinary achievement ends up【C17】________discouraged students, Eisenberger holds.【C18】________an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing【C19】________. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in【C20】________ students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
【C17】
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