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  3. 　　Facebook developed what it calls a foundational " breakthrough": software that enables machines to learn to walk like toddler

　　Facebook developed what it calls a foundational " breakthrough": software that enables machines to learn to walk like toddler

admin2022-02-15  74
问题 　　Facebook developed what it calls a foundational " breakthrough":  software that enables machines to learn to walk like toddlers. Humans are very efficient at maneuvering. As children, we figure out how to adjust our stride and cadence to trek through mud, water, and up and down hills with ease. We can do this while toting a variety of objects, either in our hands or on our backs. However, it’s tough to program robots to make instantaneous adjustments to their legs and feet to accommodate such a variety of tasks, mainly because it’s hard to train them to deal with " corner cases" , or objects and environments they have never seen before.
　　Advanced robot navigation could revolutionize services in a wide range of fields,  such as emergency response, agriculture, autonomous driving and manufacturing. It could hold the key to more complex chore robots. But it also requires teaching machines to act in the same way humans do subconsciously, based on lived experience—something that would be potentially impossible.
　　Humans learn to navigate new environments by stumbling and trying again. But that’s an expensive and lengthy undertaking when applied to robots, which need to be fixed or have their code tweaked when damaged. Researchers try to avoid this by simulating new environments and adjusting robot brains accordingly.
　　First, researchers used simulations to train AI to respond to various environmental conditions, such as slippery ground or a sudden incline. Then, they taught a generic dog-like robot to learn from its mistakes and keep walking as far as possible despite sudden changes to its environment. They layered the two strategies, and together they " enable the robot to perform robust and adaptive locomotion without any fine tuning," Facebook says.
　　What this means is that AI allows them to adapt to factors in their environment without having seen them first. Rather than trying to avoid disruptions, they learn from surprises and move with them. Through the observation AI, each new leg movement is informed by previous ones. Obstacles that push against the robot’s feet or legs can reveal information about the ground around it. The AI learns from that.
　　The so-called Rapid Motor Adaptation software might allow companies to create cheaper automated machines that figure out how to operate at peak performance with more affordable, not as-accurate hardware. Cheaper robots are a critical step toward more advanced robots in more fields.
Why is it costly and time-consuming to coach navigation in new environments?
选项 A、Because of intricate hardware.
B、Because of repairing jobs and modifying code.
C、For lack of robust code.
D、For lack of talented programmers.
答案B
解析 细节题。根据题干可定位至第三段第二句，其中costly对应expensive，time-consuming对应lengthy。选项B中的repairing jobs对应need to be fixed，modifying code对应have their code tweaked，故选项B正确；需要注意的是选项C，这个工作困难是因为机器人损坏时需要进行大量的修复工作，编写鲁棒性的代码是解决方法，而不是导致困难的原因，故排除；选项A和选项D均为无中生有，故排除。
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