首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
admin
2019-09-30
81
问题
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior they’re meant to encourage.
A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of empirical evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives—showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.
Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called "the moral sentiments." The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff—we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and dignified. And they don’t want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being altruistic than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economics—and a prescription for sullen employees.
Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply—sometimes wrongly—what motivates us. Fines or public rebukes that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval(think of littering)can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.
This does not mean it’s impossible to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time—just that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.
We know from the text that incentives are characterized as
选项
A、counterproductive.
B、manipulating.
C、implicative.
D、effective.
答案
C
解析
推理判断题。考查全文。本文提到激励在很多情况下给人们的行为带来暗示,比如可能会暗示捐血的人是为了钱而不是为了帮助别人等,故C项implicative(有暗示性的)为正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/FSe4777K
0
考研英语二
相关试题推荐
ThewriterwarnsAmericansthat______.Whatistheconclusionofthispassage?
ThewriterwarnsAmericansthat______.By"commonresources"(Paragraph2),theauthormeansthat______.
ThemajordifferencebetweennarrativesalesandsuggestivesalesisthatWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepass
Workingatnonstandardtimes—evenings,nights,orweekends—istakingitstollonAmericanfamilies.One-fifthofallemployedAm
Whilethere’sneveragoodagetogetcancer,peopleintheir20sand30scanfeelparticularlyisolated.Theaverageageofac
Whilethere’sneveragoodagetogetcancer,peopleintheir20sand30scanfeelparticularlyisolated.Theaverageageofac
"Sustainability"hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshavepersonalmeaning.Havingen
Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,h
Iamoneofthemanycitypeoplewhoarealwayssayingthatgiventhechoicewewouldprefertoliveinthecountryawayfromth
随机试题
硝酸甘油的副作用有()
牙周炎的发展过程不包括
业主方可以将全部业主方项目管理的任务委托给( )。
建设工程安全生产管理基本制度中,不包括( )。
施工企业为职工缴纳工伤保险发生的费用应计入()。
以下各项中,属于流动资金贷款的是()。
下列各项资产减值准备中,一经确认在相应资产持有期间内均不得转回的有()。
(2007年考试真题)税务机关对外省、自治区、直辖市来本辖区从事临时经营活动的单位和个人申请领购发票的,可以要求其提供保证人或者根据所领购发票的票面限额及数量交纳不超过l万元的保证金,并限期缴销发票。()
条件充分性判断:A.条件(1)充分,但条件(2)不充分B.条件(2)充分,但条件(1)不充分C.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,但条件(1)和(2)联合起来充分D.条件(1)充分,条件(2)也充分E.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,条件(1)和(
因为(x2ex)′=(x2+2x)ex,所以[*]=[*]+C
最新回复
(
0
)