首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
admin
2015-07-13
63
问题
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior they’re meant to encourage.
A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donateblood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of empirical evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives—showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.
Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called "the moral sentiments." The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff—we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and dignified. And they don’t want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being altruistic than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economics—and a prescription for sullen employees.
Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply—sometimes wrongly—what motivates us. Fines or public rebukes that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.
This does not mean it’s impossible to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time—just that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.
From the first two paragraphs, we know that _____.
选项
A、organizational and social progresses depend on economic incentives
B、economic incentives actually discourage people to behave well
C、economists didn’t agree with Titmuss for the lack of empirical evidence
D、economists now prompt businesses to note down Titmuss’s claim
答案
C
解析
事实细节题。根据题干定位到文章开头两段。第二段明确提到“那时经济学家对这种说法(理查德关于献血者的说法)持怀疑态度,认为其缺少经验证据”,故C项为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Fg74777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
Thisisthegoldenageofmedicalresearch.Andmanymedicaldiscoverieshavemaderealdifferencestothelivesofmanypeople,
[A]Whattodoasastudent?[B]Variousdefinitionsofplagiarism.[C]Ideasshouldalwaysbesourced.[D]Ignorancecanbeforgive
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglish,fortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIsle
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglish,fortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIsle
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglish,fortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIsle
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglish,fortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIsle
CharlesDarwinwedhiscousinEmmaandspawned10children,includingfourbrilliantscientists.AlbertEinstein’ssecondwifeE
Anadvertisingagencyhasmonopolised,disorganised,andcommercialisedthelargestlibraryinhumanhistory.Withoutafundamen
Beinggood-lookingisusefulinsomanyways.Inadditiontowhateverpersonalpleasureitgivesyou,beingattractivealsohelp
Beinggood-lookingisusefulinsomanyways.Inadditiontowhateverpersonalpleasureitgivesyou,beingattractivealsohelp
随机试题
可治妊娠恶阻、胎动不安的药物
全员生产维修制度是()学习美国的预防维修经验,借鉴英国设备综合工程学的理论,结合本国企业实际与管理传统,逐步发展起来的。
《公路水运工程淘汰危及生产安全施工工艺、设备和材料目录》是为防范化解公路水运重大事故风险,推动相关行业淘汰落后的()。
下面关于项目经理的描述不正确的是()
依据城市绿地分类标准,以下属于居住绿地的是:
业主的建筑物区分所有权的特点有()。
下列各项中,属于投资性房地产的有()。
伪沟通,是指具备了沟通的形式,但事实上双方并未实现信息的沟通和交流的假沟通、假交流以及进行了浅层次的交流,但不触及深层思想的无效沟通。根据上述定义,下列属于伪沟通的是()。
大三学生陈明收到以下来信:由于本公司用于暑假学生实习支出的经费有限,我们不可能为所有申请者提供相应的工作岗位,因此许多高素质的申请者被拒绝。很遗憾地通知您,我们不能聘请您参加我们公司的学生暑假实习项目。从上述断定,最可能推出以下哪项?
TheEconomistcalculatesthataroundtheworldalmost290million15-to24-year-oldsareneitherworkingnorstudying:almosta
最新回复
(
0
)