2. 外语
  3. The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to f

The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to f

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问题    The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.
   These conditions continued until after World War 1I. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally iii. Improvements were made, and Dr, David Vail’s Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights Movement led lawyers to investigate America’s prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered "crazy" and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience.
   Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state mental health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.
It can be inferred from the passage that, had the Civil Rights movement not prompted an investigation of prison conditions, ______.
选项 A、states would never have established asylums for the mentally ill
B、new treatments for major mental illness would have likely remained untested
C、the Civil Rights movement in America would have been politically ineffective
D、conditions in mental hospitals might have escaped judicial scrutiny
答案D
解析 推论题。作者在文中提到代表黑人的民权律师，也自然地代表了医院中的病人。其逻辑推理为：X caused Y。若X没有发生，那么按照上述提及的逻辑推理，Y也不会发生。也就是说假若Civil Rights Movement没有调查监狱的状况，mental hospitals的情况也就逃过了司法调查了，因此D是正确的答案。 A是错的，因为建立asylum system的功劳属于Dorothy Dix，而不是政府。B是错的，因为文章没有提及司法活动导致了新的治疗手段。C的错误在于超越了该文章的内容。我们不能得出那样的结论：监狱改革的失败意味着民权运动的完全失败。
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