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  3. Not too many decades ago, it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed peo

Not too many decades ago, it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed peo

admin2022-07-29  58
问题     Not too many decades ago, it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances.
    However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the "obvious" is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else. Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds.
    Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between small-town and big-city residents. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents, yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities.
    Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers. These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young troublemakers.
    Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community’s population size and its social heterogeneity. For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city people are also more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a multinational outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size.
According to the text, it was once a common belief that urban residents________.
选项 A、did not have the same interests as their neighbors
B、usually had more friends
C、tended to be associated with bad behavior
D、could not develop long-standing relationships
答案D
解析 本题关键词是common belief，问题是：曾经人们普遍相信城市居民的状况如何?主要定位于第一段和第三段。原文第一段提到，就在几十年前，对于普通大众和社会学家而言(both to the general public and to sociologists)，现代社会好像“明显她”改变了人们的自然关系(changed people’s natural relations)，使他们的亲情和邻里观念变得淡薄(loosened their responsibilities)，取而代之的是彼此之间萍水相逢的表面关系(superficial relationships)，由此可见，人们普遍认为城市居民无法发展出长期的关系，因此选项D “could not develop long-standing relationships”与原文属于相同含义，为正确选项。原文中没有提及选项A中的“the same interests as their neighbors”和选项C的“bad behavior”，因此选项A、C均属于无中生有。原文第三段的确提到小镇居民比大城市居民更愿意同亲戚走动，但是城里人通过结交志趣相投的朋友(developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities)弥补了这个缺憾，这可以理解为城市居民与朋友的联系密切，但不一定会有更多的朋友，此外联系上下文可知，这是研究得出的结论，而非a common belief，因此选项B属于主观推导。第三段：有意义的人际关系的数量和质量在小镇居民和大城市居民之间并无大异。
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