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  3. •Read the article below about employee participation and family-friendly working. •For each question 31—40, write one word in CA

•Read the article below about employee participation and family-friendly working. •For each question 31—40, write one word in CA

admin2014-02-15  31
问题 •Read the article below about employee participation and family-friendly working.
•For each question 31—40, write one word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet.
       SOME  studies  which  have  examined  the  business consequences of implementing family-friendly employment policies have found benefits in doing so. Others have tried to determine whether employees have a voice  (31)  work-life issues, and how instrumental it might be in establishing family-friendly employment policies.
     Employees appear  (32)  have a voice of some kind in larger organizations. It tends  (33)  be collective, and expressed through trade unions or staff associations. Smaller enterprises typically lack collective means of expression, though there can be direct communication  (34)   individual employees and their employers over flexible working.  Some studies have reported individuals negotiating informal arrangements  (35)  their managers in small and medium-sized enterprises to suit their individual circumstances,  but not all employees have a powerful enough voice to achieve this.
     Family-friendly policies appear to be more widespread and deeply embedded  (36)enterprises which recognize unions, though this association does not imply that unions have a more effective voice. Various studies have confirmed the low-key role of trade unions. Consultation even with and among line managers also appears to be rather restricted,  (37)  the possible exception of health services,  (38)  there is an organisational cultural tradition of consultation.
However, the major factor influencing employers  (39)  implement or extend family-friendly policies appears not to be collective or individual employee pressures,  (40)  labour-market conditions backed by minimal statutory requirements.                                       
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